lllllll 

B   3   101   5S1 


A    COMPEHD 

OF 


feterinary  Materia  Mediea 


AND 


Therapeutics 


HASSIdOCa 


A    COMPEND 


OF 


Veterinary  Materia  Mediea 


AND 


Tlierapeuties. 


BY 


Dr.  a.  C.  HASSLOCH,  V.S., 

<  » 
Lecturer  on  Materia  Mediea  and  Therapeutics  and  Professor  of  Veteri- 
nary Dentistry  at  the  New  York  College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons 
and  School  of  Gomparative  Medicine,  N.  T. 


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New   Yoek:  /  fi  O^  ^    ^ 


WILLIAM    R.   JENKINS, 

VETERINARY    PUBLISHER    AND    BOOKSELLER, 

851-853  Sjxth  Avenue  (48th  St  ) 


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Main  LiK 


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Copyright.  1896,  by  William  R.  Jenkins. 
Ail  Ttights  Resented. 


Printed  by  the 

Press  of  William  R.  Jenkins. 

New  York. 


PREFACE. 


Having  recognized  the  want  of  a  short  but  com- 
prehensive work  embracing  the  most  commonly  used 
veterinary  medicines,  I  have  culled  the  most  impor- 
tant facts  from  the  standard  works  of  Bartholow, 
Brunton,  Potter,  Finlay  Dun,  etc.,  which,  together 
with  the  experience  derived  from  an  extended  prac- 
tice and  research,  form  the  basis  for  this  work.  It  is 
intended  not  as  an  exhaustive  treatise  of  the  subject, 
but  as  a  short  and  easy  reference  for  the  veterinary 
student,  which,  in  connection  with  the  course  of  lec- 
tures delivered  by  me  at  tha  New  York  College  of 
Veterinary  Surgeons,  will  serve  to  lay  a  foundation 
upon  which  the  student  in  more  leisure  hours  can 
build  a  superstructure  of  more  detailed  stud3\  For 
the  busy  practitioner  it  will. doubtless  also  serve  as  a 
ready  reference  and  aid  to  the  memory. 

It  has  been  my  effort  to  pay  particular  attention  to 
the  physiological  actions  of  drugs,  to  exclude  all  such 
as  are  useless  and  obsolete,. and  to  follow  a  systematic 
and  intelligible  grouping  and  classification  of  the 
most  important  remedies. 

A  very  complete  index  is  another  feature  which 
will  undoubtedly  be  appreciated  by  all  who  use  the 
book. 

A.  C.  Hassloch,  V.S. 

New  York.    February,    1>>96. 

268434 


VETERINARY  MATERIA   MEDICA  AND 
THERAPEUTICS. 


INTRODUCTIO:^. 

Pharmacology  is  that  science  which  treats  of  the 
drugs  employed  in  medicine,  and,  therefore,  em- 
braces all  of  materia  medica  and  therapeutics  per- 
taining to  drugs.     It  is  supplemented  by 

Pharmacy,  the  art  of  preparing  drugs  in  accord- 
ance with  the  requirements  of  the  pharmacologist  and 
of  dispensing  them  on  the  prescription  of  the  thera- 
peutist. Pharmacy,  therefore,  must  embrace  a  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  materia  medica,  a  good  idea  of 
the  theories  and  manipulations  of  chemistry,  and  an 
intimate  practical  experience  in  many  operations  pe- 
culiar to  itself. 

Materia  Medica  is  that  branch  of  pharmacology 
which  treats  of  all  substances  used  as  medicines,  de- 
scribing their  origin,  composition,  chemical  proper- 
ties, physical  characteristics,  modes  of  preparation 
and  administration,  and  their  physiological  and  toxi- 
cological  actions. 

It  is  divided  into  Pharmacodynamics  and  Toxi- 
cology. 

1 


2  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

Pharmacodynamics  is  a  treatise  on  the  physio- 
logical action  of  drugs — ^.e.,  the  modifj^ing  power  of 
drugs  upon  the  normal  physiological  activity  of  the 
animal  organism ;  while 

Toxicology  tells  us  what  would  be  the  effects  of 
drugs  if  given  in  poisonous  doses.  This  also  embraces 
the  study  of  drug  antagonists  and  chemical  antidotes. 

Therapeutics  is  that  branch  of  medical  science 
which  considers  the  application  of  remedies  as  a 
means  of  cure  and  alleviation  of  disease.  It  includes 
the  discussion  of  all  matters  relating  to  the  science 
and  art  of  healing. 

The  general  term,  Therapeutics,  includes  all  the 
operations  of -nature,  actions  of  drugs,  food,  clothing, 
heat  and  cold,  electricity,  etc.,  and  is  divided  into 

Natural   Therapeutics   and   Applied    Thera- 
peutics. 

Natural  Therapeutics  includes  all  the  processes  of 
nature  to  heal  and  alleviate  disease  independentli)  of 
art. 

Applied  Therapeutics  embraces  the  application  by 
art  of  various  agents,  foreign  to  the  living  organism, 
to  restore  the  organism  to  its  normal  state. 

Drugs  are  material  agents  of  ever}^  kind  em- 
ployed in  the  treatment  of  disease.  This  term  was 
formerly  applied  only  to  vegetable  medicaments  in 
their  original  form. 

A  Pharmacop)oeia  is  an  official  list  of  drugs  and 
their  preparations,  recognized  by  the  medical  profes- 


INTRODUCTION".  6 

sion  of  a  certain  country.     (U.  S.  P.  is  revised  every 
ten  years.) 

A  Dispensatory  is  a  commentary  upon  one  or 
more  of  the  national  pharmacopoeias,  treating  in  de- 
tail of  the  medicinal  substances  official  *  therein  as 
well  as  of  such  unofficial  \  ones  as  are  of  especial  in- 
terest and  in  general  use. 

Official  Preparations. 

Alkaloids  are  active,  nitrogenous  principles  ex- 
isting in  plants,  from  which  they  are  extracted  by 
chemical  art.  They  are  organic  bases,  forming  salts 
with  acids,  and  contain  N  with  C  and  H.  Alkaloids 
are  alkaline  in  reaction,  insoluble  or  but  sparingly 
soluble  in  water,  more  readily  soluble  in  alcohol,  and 
their  salts  are  more  soluble  in  water  than  in  any  other 
liquid.  In  a  general  way  they  are  very  suitable  for 
hypodermic  medication. 

Aqu^,  waters,  aqueous  solutions  of  volatile  sub- 
stances (which  may  be  solids,  liquids,  or  gases). 
They  are  dissolved  in  four  ways : 

First,  by  solution  in  hot  or  cold  water. 

Second,  by  filtration  through  an  absorbent  powder. 

Third,  by  percolation  through  cotton  saturated  with 
the  substance. 

Fourth,  by  distillation. 

Cerata,  cerates,  are  unctuous  preparations  similar 

*  Official — according  to  law. 

I  Officinal  (officina,  an  office)— so  customary  and  well 
known  as  to  be  found  in  all  shops  or  offices. 


4  VETERIXARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

to  ointments,  but  firmer  in   consistence.      They  all 
contain  wax  (cera). 

COLLODIA,  collodions,  are  liquid  preparations 
whose  basis  consists  of  guncotton  dissolved  in  a  mix- 
ture of  alcohol  and  ether. 

Decocta,  decoctions,  are  aqueous  preparations  of 
vegetable  drugs,  made  by  boiling  these  in  water  for 
from  fifteen  to  thirty  minutes,  and  then  straining 
through  cloth  or  muslin.  Usually  ten  per  cent, 
strong,  unless  otherwise  ordered. 

Elixiria,  elixirs,  are  aromatic  sweetened  prepara- 
tions, containing  active  medicinal  agents  in  small 
quantity,  and  are  made  with  a  menstruum  of  alcohol 
1  and  water  3.  They  are  intended  as  an  excipient  for 
extracts,  salts,  etc.,  and  are  used  mostly  in  canine 
practice. 

Emplastra,  plasters,  are  solid  compounds,  tena- 
cious but  pliable,  and  are  prepared  by  incorporating 
the  medicinal  agents  with  certain  bases  to  form  a 
mass,  which  is  to  be  evenly  spread  upon  chamois 
skin,  muslin,  kid,  or  ordinary  adhesive  plaster.  They 
are  for  external  use  only. 

ExTRACTA,  extracts,  are  solid  or  semi-solid  prepar- 
ations obtained  by  evaporating  solutions  of  the  soluble 
parts  of  drugs.  Alcohol  and  water  are  the  most  com- 
mon solvents. 

ExTRACTA  Fluida,  fluid  extracts,  are  alcoholic 
solutions  or  concentrated  tinctures  of  vegetable  drugs. 
They  are  prepared  by  percolation  with  menstrua  of 
alcohol,  diluted  alcohol,  or  alcohol  and  water  in  va- 
rious proportions;  the  resulting  product  being  then 


INTRODUCTION".  0 

partially  evaporated,  so  that  one  grain  of  the  drug  is 
represented  by  one  minim  of  the  finished  lluid  ex- 
tract. 

Glucosidea,  glucosides,  are  organic  compounds 
existing  in  plants,  and  belong  to  the  group  of  neutral 
principles.  They  all  are  resolved  into  glucose  and 
some  other  principle  when  treated  with  certain  re- 
agents or  natural  ferments.  Salicin,  santonin,  elate- 
rin,  etc.,  are  glucosides. 

Glycerita,  glycerites,  are  mixtures  of  medicinal 
substances  with  glycerin — as  glyceritum  acidi  tan- 
nici  (twenty  per  cent.). 

Infusi,  infusions,  are  aqueous  preparations  of  veg- 
etable drugs,  using  hot  or  cold  water,  but  without 
boiling,  in  the  proportion  of  ten  per  cent. ,  unless  oth- 
erwise ordered. 

LiNiMENTA,  liniments,  are  thin  oleaginous  prepa- 
rations for  external  use  with  friction.  They  are 
made  by  dissolving  various  drugs  in  oily  liquids,  or 
in  alcoholic  liquids  containing  fatty  oils. 

LiQUORES,  solutions,  include  all  aqueous  solutions 
of  non-volatile  substances,  except  syrups,  decoctions, 
and  infusions  (liquor  gutta-perch^e  is  an  exception ;  it 
is  gc  solution  of  gutta-percha  in  chloroform) . 

MiSTUR^,  mixtures,  are  aqueous  preparations  of 
insoluble  substances  held  in  suspension  by  a  suitable 
vehicle. 

MuciLAGiNES,  mucilages,  are  thick,  viscid  liquids, 
prepared  by  dissolving  gum  in  water  or  by  extracting 
with  water  the  mucilaginous  principles  contained  in 
certain  plants. 


6  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

Oleata,  oleates,  are  liquid  solutions  of  metallic 
salts  and  alkaloids  in  oleic  acid,  and  are  for  external 
use  only. 

Oleoresin^,  oleoresins,  are  liquid  preparations 
consisting  principally  of  natural  oils  and  resins  ex- 
tracted from  vegetable  drugs  by  percolation  with 
stronger  ether. 

Pilule,  pills,  are  spherical  or  globular  masses 
composed  of  medicinal  agents,  and  are  intended  to  be 
given  at  one  xlose.  The  pill  mass  consists  of  the  ac- 
tive ingredients  and  the  excipient,  which  is  the  sub- 
stance employed  to  give  the  mass  its  adhesive  and 
plastic  qualities. 

PuLVERES,  powders,  consist  of  dry  substances  in  a 
state  of  minute  subdivision  obtained  by  pulveriza- 
tion. They  are  sometimes  composed  of  several  in- 
gredients which  are  finely  powdered  and  thoroughly 
mixed. 

ResintE,  resins,  are  solid  preparations  obtained  by 
precipitating  the  resinous  principles  of  plants  from 
their  alcoholic  solutions  by  the  agency  of  water. 

Spiritus,  spirits,  are  alcoholic  solutions  of  volatile 
substances,  which  may  be  either  solids,  liquids,' or 
gases.  They  may  be  prepared  by  simple  solution,  by 
solution  with  maceration,  by  gaseous  solution,  by 
chemical  reaction,  or  by  distillation. 

SUPPOSITORIA,  suppositories,  are  solid  bodies  con- 
sisting of  medicinal  substances  incorporated  with 
cacao  butter,  and  intended  for  introduction  into  the 
rectum,  vagina,  or  urethra. 

Syrupi,  syrups,  are  concentrated  solutions  of  su- 


IXTRODUCTIOX.  7 

gar  in  water  or  in  aqueous  liquids,  and  are  classed 
as  simple,  medicated,  and  flavored. 

Tincture,  tinctures,  are  alcoholic  solutions  of 
medicinal  substances,  all  of  them  being  from  non- 
volatile  substances,  excepting  tincture  of  iodine. 
Tinctures  are  prepared  by  percolation,  maceration, 
solution,  or  dilution,  the  menstrua  used  being  alcohol 
or  diluted  alcohol  of  various  strengths,  and  in  some 
cases  the  aromatic  spirit  of  ammonia  is  used. 

Unguexta,  ointments,  are  soft,  fatty  mixtures  of 
medicinal  agents  with  a  basis  of  lard,  petrolatum,  or 
fixed  oils,  and  are  intended  for  application  to  the 
skin  b}'  inunction.  (Unguentum  simplex  is  lard  80 
and  yellow  wax  20  parts.) 

Vina,  wines,  are  a  class  of  tinctures,  and  differ 
from  these  only  in  so  far  that  the  menstruum  employed 
is  white  wine  of  a  definite  alcoholic  percentage. 

Unofficial  Preparations. 

Bolus,  bolus  or  ball,  is  a  solid  preparation  larger 
than  a  pill,  to  be  given  at  one  dose. 

BOUGIA,  bougies  or  pencils,  are  urethral  or  uterine 
suppositories,  and  are  made  in  such  shape  as  to  be 
readily  introduced  into  these  canals.  The  basis  is 
usually  a  compound  of  gelatin  3  and  glycerin  1 
part,  melted  together. 

Capsule,  capsules,  are  short  tubes  of  gelatin  of 
such  sizes  that  one  will  slip  over  the  other,  and  are 
used  as  a  means  of  administering  solids  or  even 
liquids. 


8  VETERII^ARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

Cataplasmata,  poultices,  are  applications  made 
to  supply  heat  and  moisture  to  a  part.  They  are 
sometimes  medicated.  Farina  lini,  etc.,  are  usually 
employed. 

CoLLUNARiUM,  is  a  nasal  douche  or  wash,  con- 
sisting of  various  substances  dissolved  in  water  with 
the  addition  of  a  small  quantity  of  glycerin. 

COLLYRIUM,  an  eye-wash,  an  aqueous  solution  of 
medicinal  substances  for  application  to  the  eye. 

Discus,  a  disk,  is  a  thin  scale  of  gelatin,  medi- 
cated for  local  application  to  the  eye. 

Electuaria,  electuaries  or  "pastes,"  are  prepara- 
tions consisting  of  various  medicinal  substances 
beaten  up  with  honey,  syrup,  molasses,  or  glyce- 
rin, so  as  to  form  a  thick  paste,  and  are  given  with 
a  spoon  and  smeared  upon  the  tongue  and  teeth. 

Emulsiones,  emulsions,  are  mixtures  containing 
an  oil  or  a  resin  minutely  subdivided  and  in  a  state 
of  suspension  in  the  mixture.  This  may  be  accom- 
plished by  the  aid  of  some  viscid  excipient,  i.e.,  gum, 
soap,  alkali,  or  yolk  of  egg. 

Enemata,  enemata  or  clysters,  are  liquid  prepara- 
tions for  injection  into  the  rectum  for  various  pur- 
poses. 

FoTUS,  a  fomentation,  is  a  lotion  used  hot  and 
without  friction,  and  may  consist  of  water  alone  or 
may  be  medicated. 

GArgarysma,  a  gargle,  an  aqueous  solution  or 
mixture  for  application  to  the  pharyngeal  mucous 
membrane.  It  usually  contains  some  disinfectant 
or  astringent. 


Introduction.  9 

Haustus,  a  draught  or  drench,  a  liquid  mixture 
intended  as  a  single  dose. 

Inhalationes  aut  Vapores,  inhalations  or  va- 
pors, are  medicines  in  the  form  of  vapor,  gas,  or 
atomized  spray,  intended  for  inhalation  for  their 
effect  upon  the  respiratory  mucous  membrane. 

Injectiones,  injections,  are  aqueous  preparations 
intended  for  introduction  into  the  cavities  of  the  body 
by  means  of  a  syringe,  and  are  termed  according  to 
the  part  to  which  they  are  applied — ^.e.,  urethral,  to 
the  urethra,  etc. 

LoTio,  a  lotion  or  wash,  is  an  aqueous  preparation 
for  external  use,  usually  containing  some  astringent 
salt.     It  is  applied  without  friction. 

The  Administration  of  Medicines. 

Medicines  may  be  introduced  into  the  circulation 
by  six  different  methods : 

1.  Gastro-intestinal  Route  is  mostly  used. 
The  remedies  after  being  swallowed  are  absorbed  by 
the  gastro-intestinal  blood-vessels  and  lacteals,  and  so 
pass  into  the  circulation. 

2.  The  Rectum  absorbs  many  substances  applied 
in  the  form  of  enemata  and  suppositories. 

3.  The  Respiratory  Tract  also  rapidly  absorbs 
many  medicinal  substances  on  account  of  its  exten- 
sive blood  supply.  These  remedies  are  in  the  form 
of  vapors  or  atomized  fluids. 

4.  The  Veins  and  Arteries  are  sometimes  used 
as  a  means  of  introduction  for  medicines  into  the  sys- 


10  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

tern,  but  usually  only  in  emergencies,  as  the  opera- 
tion is  liighl}^  dangerous,  especially  on  the  arteries. 

5.  The  Hypodermic  Method  consists  in  intro- 
ducing the  medicines  into  the  subcutaneous  areolar 
tissue,  from  whence  they  are  absorbed  by  the  lym- 
phatics and  capillary  vessels.  This  is  accomplished 
by  a  specially  constructed  syringe,  and  when  the 
medicine  is  delivered  deeply  into  the  tissues  it  is 
termed  a  parenchymatous  injection. 

6.  The  Skin  w^ill  absorb  many  substances,  espe- 
cially if  the  epidermis  or  cuticle  is  removed,  and 
under  this  route  are  four  subdivisions,  viz. : 

A.  Enepidermic  method,  b}^  placing  the  medicine 
in  contact  with  the  epidermis,  without  friction. 

B.  Epidermic  method  consists  in  the  use  of  fric- 
tion to  hasten  the  passage  of  the  medicament 
through  the  epidermis. 

C  Endermic  method  places  the  medicament  di- 
rectly upon  the  derma  after  removing  the  cuticle  by 
means  of  a  blister. 

D.  Inoculation  method  is  the  introduction  of  me- 
dicinal agents  through  the  scraped  or  punctured  skin. 

Classification  of  Medicines. 

Medicines  may  be  divided  in  a  general  waj^  into 
two  great  classes,  viz.,  Stimulants  and  Sedatives. 

A  Stimulant  is  an  agent  employed  to  increase  the 
functional  activit}^  of  a  part  of  the  organism.  Those 
stimulants  having  but  a  transient  effect  are  called 
diffusible  stimulants.  Besides  these  we  designate 
cerebral,   spinal,   cardiac,  renal,  hepatic,  and  other 


INTRODUCTION.  11 

stimulants,  according  to  the  special  part  which  they 
act  upon. 

A  Sedative  is  an  agent  which  diminishes  the  func- 
tional activity  of  an  organ,  lowers  motility,  and  de- 
creases the  sensation  of  pain.  In  this  way  a  soothing 
influence  is  exerted  on  the  system. 

Sedatives  are  divided  into  two  classes,  viz.,  Gen- 
eral Sedatives  and  Local  Sedatives. 

General  Sedatives  affect  the  entire  system  more 
or  less  (this  includes  narcotics  and  ansesthetics). 

Local  Sedatives  affect  a  part  only— as  pulmonary, 
spinal,  nervous,  cardiac  sedatives,  etc. 

Agents  Acting  on  the  Nervous  System. 

Motor  excitants,  cerebral  excitants,  deliriants,  mo- 
tor depressants,  cerebral  depressants,  narcotics,  hyp- 
notics, analgesics  or  anodynes,  ansesthetics,  anti-spas- 
modics. 

Motor  Excitants  are  agents  which  increase  the 
functional  activity  of  the  spinal  cord  and  motor  ap- 
paratus, producing  a  heightened  reflex  excitability 
and  disturbances  of  motility.  Large  doses  produce 
tetanic  convulsions,  and  the  ultimate  result  is  a  motor 
paralysis  from  over-stimulation.  Nux  vomica  and 
ignatia  with  their  alkaloids,  strychnine  and  brucine, 
ergot,  and  digitalis  belong  to  this  class. 

Motor  Depressants  lower  the  functional  activity 
of  the  spinal  cord  and  motor  apparatus,  and  when 
given  in  larger  doses  paralyze  these  directly.  Chief 
members  of  this  group  are  ether,  chloroform,  opium, 
aconite,  chloral,  lobelia,  and  belladonna. 


12  VETERIN-ARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

Cerebral-Excitants  increase  the  functional  ac- 
tivity of  the  cerebrum  without  causing  any  subse- 
quent depression  or  suspension  of  brain  function,  as 
camphor,  cannabis  indica,  valerian,  cocaine. 

Cerebral  Depressants  suspend  or  lower  the 
functions  of  the  higher  brain  after  a  preliminary 
stage  of  excitement.  This  group  includes  the  nar- 
cotics, the  general  ansesthetics,  the  hypnotics,  and 
some  of  the  antispasmodics.  The  action  of  these  is 
first  to  stimulate  the  cerebral  functions  and  then  after 
a  time  to  produce  stupor,  coma,  and  insensibility,  as 
alcohol  in  large  doses,  opium,  bromides,  chloral, 
etc. 

Deliriants  excite  the  functional  activity  of  the 
brain  to  such  a  degree  as  to  disorder  the  mental  facul- 
ties. This  produces  intellectual  confusion,  loss  of 
will  power,  delirium,  and  sometimes  convulsions. 
These  agents  include  belladonna,  stramonium,  hyos- 
eyamus,  chloral,  etc. 

Narcotics  are  agents  which  lessen  the  relationship 
of  the  individual  to  the  outside  world  (Brunton). 
They  at  first  excite  the  higher  brain,  but  soon  cause 
a  profound  sleep,  characterized  b}^  increasing  stupor; 
and  if  the  dose  has  been  large  enough,  coma,  insen- 
sibility, and  finally  death  by  paralysis  of  the  centres 
of  respiration  and  other  functions  of  organic  life. 
The  chief  narcotics  are  opium,  cannabis  indica,  alco- 
hol, belladonna,  chloral,  chloroform,  ether,  etc. 

Hypnotics  are  agents  which  produce  sleep  without 
causing  any  preliminary  cerebral  excitement,  as  the 
bromides,  paraldehyde,  chloralamid,  etc. 


INTRODUCTIOK.  13 

Analgesics  or  Anodynes  are  agents  which  re- 
lieve pain.  This  is  accomplished  in  two  ways — 
either  by  impairing  the  conductivity  of  the  sensory 
nerve  fibres,  or  by  depression  of  the  cerebral  centres 
of  perception  and  sensation.  Opium  acts  in  both 
ways  at  the  same  time,  and  is  therefore  the  most 
powerful  member  of  this  group. 

Anodynes  are  divided  into  General  Anodynes 
and  Local  Anodynes. 

The  General  Anodynes  are  taken  internally  and 
so  act  upon  the  entire  organism,  as  opium,  bella- 
donna, henbane,  aconite,  ether,  and  chloroform. 

Local  Anodyjies  affect  the  part  to  which  they  are 
applied,  generally  by  direct  action  upon  the  nerve 
endings  in  the  skin  and  sometimes  by  reducing  the 
local  circulation.  These  include  opium,  belladonna, 
carbolic  acid,  cocaine,  veratrine,  aconite,  chloroform, 
etc. 

Anesthetics  are  agents  which  temporarily  de- 
stroy sensation. 

The  General  Ancesthetics  are  volatile  substances 
which  when  inhaled  produce  more  or  less  complete 
unconsciousness  and  loss  of  sensation  (aneesthesia) , 
and  also  decreased  motor  power. 

Local  Ancesthetics  act  like  the  local  anodynes  but 
destroy  sensation  temporarily,  while  the  local  ano- 
dynes only  lessen  sensation  temporarily — that  is,  at 
the  part  applied. 

Chief  General  Ancesthetics:  Ether,  methylic 
ether,  chloroform,  nitrous  oxide,  methylene  and  ethy- 
lene bichlorides. 


14  YETERIXARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

Chief  Local  Ancesthetics  :  Application  of  extreme 
cold,  ice,  ether  spraj',  cocaine,  carbolic  acid,  creo- 
sote, hydrocyanic  acid,  and  oil  of  turpentine. 
.  Antispasmodics  are  agents  which  relieve  or  pre- 
vent spasms  of  voluntary  or  involuntary  muscle  in 
any  part  of  the  organism.  Their  specific  modes  of 
action  are  classed  in  five  divisions : 

1.  B}^  tonic  stimulation  of  nerve  centres,  coordina- 
tion, and  circulation — as  alcohol,  ether,  camphor. 

2.  By  direct  depression  of  the  motor  centres — as 
amyl  nitrite  and  the  bromides. 

3.  By  paralyzing  the  end  organs  of  the  vasomotor 
nerves — as  menthol. 

4.  By  stimulation  of  the  muscular  fibres  of  the 
intestines  to  expel  gases  and  flatus — as  valerian,  asa- 
foetida,  and  the  aromatic  oils. 

5.  By  direct  depression  of  the  vital  functions — as 
aconite,  lobelia,  hellebore,  and  prussic  acid. 

Coordination  of  Movement  or  maintenance  of 
the  equilibrium.  The  power  which  controls  the  ac- 
tions of  the  locomotory  apparatus  is  disturbed  by  a 
certain  class  of  drugs,  especially  alcohol.  This  func- 
tion is  governed  by  the  cerebellum,  and  in  diseases 
affecting  that  part  of  the  brain  there  is  a  lack  of  co- 
ordination. 

Agents  Affecting  the  Organs  of  Special 

Sense. 

Mydriatics  are  agents  which  cause  dilatation  of 
the  pupil  of  the  eye.  Some  act  only  when  applied 
locall}^  while  others  act  only  when  taken  internally. 


IXTRODUCTIOI^.  15 

The  principal  mydriatic,  atrojnne,  will  act  both  lo- 
cally as  well  as  internally. 

Myotics  are  agents  which  cause  contraction  of 
the  pupil  of  the  eye — as  eserine,  pilocarpine,  and  mor- 
phine. 

Ocular  Sensibility  is  increased  by  strychnine, 
while  impairment  of  vision  (amblyopia)  due  to  nerve 
changes  may  be  temporarily  induced  by  quinine; 
it  may  be  permanent  when  caused  by  lead-poisoning 
or  urea-poisoning. 

Excitability  of  the  Auditory  Nerve  is  in- 
creased by  strychnine  and  morphine,  which  render 
the  sense  of  hearing  more  acute ;  while  quinine,  sali- 
cin,  and  antipyrine  produce  hypersemia  of  the  audi- 
tory apparatus,  and  cause  humming  or  buzzing 
sounds  with  diminished  sense  of  hearing. 

The  Sense  of  Smell  is  rendered  more  acute  by 
strychnine,  and  depressed  by  all  of  the  cerebral  de- 
pressants. 

Agents  Acting  on  Respiratory  Apparatus. 

Respiratory  Stimulants  exalt  the  function  of 
the  respiratory  centres  in  the  medulla,  which  make 
the  respirations  quicker  and  deeper — as  strychnine, 
digitalis,  ammonia,  ether. 

Respiratory  Depressants  lower  the  action  of  the 
respiratory  centre,  rendering  the  respirations  slow  and 
shallow — as  opium  in  full  doses,  gclsemium,  aconite, 
veratrine,  conium,  and  chloral. 

Pulmonary  Sedatives  relieve  cough  and  dysp- 


16  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

noea  by  decreasing  the  irritability  of  the  respiratory 
centre  or  by  decreasing  the  irritability  of  the  respira- 
tor}' nerves — as  opium,  hydrocyanic  acid,  cannabis 
indica,  codeine,  and  sunyl  nitrite. 

Expectorants  are  agents  which  modify  the  bron- 
cho-pulmonary mucous  secretion  and  promote  its  ex- 
pulsion. They  are  divided  into  Nauseating  Ex- 
pectorants and  Stimulant  Expectorants. 

Nauseating  Expectorants  in  small  doses  increase 
osmosis  from  the  inflamed  mucous  membrane,  while 
large  doses  cause  vomiting  and  the  mechanical  ex- 
pulsion of  the  mucus.  They  also  increase  secretion 
generally  and  lower  blood  pressure — as  ipecacuan- 
ha, lobelia,  jaborandi,  and  the  antimonial  salts. 

Stimulant  Expectorants. — These  are  eliminated 
from  the  system  mainly  by  the  bronchial  mucous 
membranes,  which  they  stimulate  in  this  way,  alter- 
ing the  secretion  and  facilitating  expulsion.  They 
increase  blood  pressure  and  diminish  secretion 
generally — as  the  ammonium  salts,  squills,  senega, 
the  turpentines,  and  balsams  of  Peru  and  tolu. 

Ciliary  Excitants  promote  expulsion  of  the  bron- 
chial mucus  by  reflex  excitation  of  the  tracheal  and 
bronchial  cilia  when  dissolved  in  the  mouth.  This 
group  includes  potassium  chlorate  and  the  chlorides 
of  ammonium  and  sodium. 

Agents  Acting  on  the  Circulation. 

Cardiac  Stimulants  are  such  agents  as  rapidly 
increase  the  force  and  frequency  of  the  pulse  in  de- 


INTRODUCTION^".  17 

pressed  conditions  of  the  cardiac  apparatus.  Thf3 
most  rapid  and  energetic  of  this  class  are  ether,  alco- 
hol, ammonia,  and  the  application  of  heat. 

Cardiac  Tonics  stimulate  the  cardiac  muscle, 
slowing  and  lengthening  the  contractions  if  given  in 
moderate  doses;  but  in  large  doses  produce  irregu- 
larity of  the  heart's  action  and  may  cause  death  by 
syncope  if  toxic  doses  have  been  given.  The  most 
powerful  of  this  class  is  digitalis^  then  convallaria, 
and  strophanthus.     Also  caffeine  and  strychnine. 

Cardiac  Sedatives  decrease  both  force  and  fre- 
quency of  the  heart's  action,  and  are  used  to  control 
palpitation  and  over-action  of  that  organ.  The  chief 
members  of  this  class  are  aconite,  veratrum  viride, 
and  digitalis. 

Vascular  Stimulants  dilate  the  peripheral  ves- 
sels and  increase  the  peripheral  circulation;  this 
equalizes  blood  pressure  and  so  prevents  and  relieves 
internal  congestions — as  alcohol,  ether,  nitrites,  ni- 
trous ether,  liquor  ammonii  acetatis,  and  heat  ap- 
plied locally  by  poultices. 

Vascular  Tonics  and  Sedatives  increase  the 
contractile  power  of  the  arterioles,  which  decreases 
the  capillary  circulation  and  raises  blood  pressure — as 
ergot,  digitalis,  opium  in  small  doses,  and  cold  ap- 
plied locally. 

Agents  Acting  on  the   Digestive   Apparatus. 

SiALOGOGUES  are  agents  which  promote  the  secre- 
tion and  flow  of  saliva — as  ether,  chloroform,  mus- 
2 


18  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

tarcl,  ginger,  pilocarpus,  ipecac,  mercurials,  and  anti- 
nionials. 

Antisialics  diminish  the  secretions  of  the  salivary 
and  buccal  glands — as  atropine,  opium,  borax,  alka- 
line salts,  and  lithia. 

Refrigerants  impart  a  sensation  of  coldness  and 
thereby  allay  thirst.  These  include  the  mineral  and 
vegetable  acids,  ice,  and  cold  water. 

Gastric  Tonics  or  Stomachics  increase  the  appe- 
tite and  promote  gastric  digestion.  Some  act  by 
stimulating  the  production  of  the  gastric  juice,  as  the 
alkalies  before  meals;  others  stimulate  the  local  cir- 
culation, as  the  aromatic  oils,  bitters,  and  alcohol; 
and  some  by  stimulation  of  the  nerve  supply  of  the 
stomach,  as  nux  vomica  and  arsenic. 

Acids  are  agents  which  in  concentrated  form  act 
as  caustics  and  destroy  the  tissues ;  but  wdien  prop- 
erly diluted  and  given  internall}'  in  medicinal  doses 
check  the  production  of  glands  having  an  acid  secre- 
tion if  coming  in  contact  with  the  mouths  of  their 
ducts,  and  increase  the  production  of  glands  having 
an  alkaline  secretion.  Therefore  a  dilute  acid  given 
before  a  meal  will  check  the  production  of  the  cicid 
gastric  juice,  but  will  stimulate  the  cdkaline  pan- 
creatic juice.  Principal  acids — Mineral:  Nitric, 
phosphoric,  sulphuric,  and  hj'drochloric.  Vegetable: 
Acetic,  citric,  and  benzoic. 

Alkalies,  or  Antacids,  are  agents  which  neutra- 
lize acids,  act  as  escharotics  upon  the  tissues,  check 
alkaline  and  stimulate  acid  secretions  when  in  contact 
with  the  mouths  of  the  ducts  of  glands  producing 


IXTRODUCTION.  19 

these.  Thus  a  dihite  alkali  given  before  a  meal  will 
stimulate  the  production  of  the  acid  gastric  juice, 
and  check  the  secretion  of  the  alkaline  pancreatic 
juice.     Antacids  are  subdivided  into  two  classes: 

Direct  Antacids. — These  lessen  acidity  within 
the  stomach — as  liquor  potassce,  lime  water,  liquor 
sodae,  chalk,  carbonates  and  bicarbonates  of  K,  Na, 
Li,  Mg,  and  NH„  and  aromatic  spirit  of  ammonia. 

Indirect  or  Remote  Antacids. — These  become 
oxidized  in  the  blood,  are  excreted  in  the  urine  as 
carbonates,  and  in  this  way  lessen  the  acidity  of  tlie 
urine;  as  liquor  sodae,  lithium  citrate,  liquor  potassse, 
potassium  acetate,  citrate,  tartrate,  and  bitartrate,  so- 
dium acetate  and  citrate,  carbonates  and  bicarbonates 
of  K,  Na,  Li,  Mg,  and  NH,. 

Emetics  are  agents  which  cause  vomiting.  They 
are  classed  as : 

Local  Emetics,  which  act  by  irritating  the  end 
organs  of  the  gastric,  oesophageal,  or  pharyngeal 
nerves,  and  by  reflex  irritation  of  the  vomiting  cen- 
tre— as  alum,  mustard,  salt,  and  the  sulphates  of  zinc, 
copper,  and  mercurj'. 

General  or  Systemic  Emetics,  which  act  by  direct 
irritation  of  the  vomiting  centre  in  the  medulla 
through  the  medium  of  the  circulation — as  ipecac, 
apomorphine,  and  tartar  emetic. 

Anti-Emetics  are  agents  which  prevent  and  re- 
lieve vomiting.     They  are  classed  as : 

Local  Gastric  Sedatives,  which  act  upon  the  end 
organs  of  the  gastric  nerves — as  arsenic,  bismuth, 
cocaine,  ice,  etc. 


20  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDIC  A. 

General  Sedatives,  which  act  by  reducing  irri- 
tability of  the  vomiting  centre  in  the  medulla — as 
amyl  nitrite,  chloral,  bromides,  hydrocyanic  acid, 
and  nitroglycerin. 

Carminatives  favor  the  expulsion  of  gases  from 
the  stomach  and  intestines  by  stimulating  peristalsis 
and  the  circulation — as  asafoetida,  capsicum,  fennel, 
camphor,  ginger,  mustard,  pepper,  and  most  of  the 
aromatic  oils. 

Cathartics  or  Purgatives  are  agents  which  in- 
crease or  hasten  the  intestinal  evacuations.  They  are 
divided  into  several  groups,  according  to  degrees  and 
modes  of  action  :  Laxatives  or  aperients,  simple  pur- 
gatives, drastic  purgatives,  saline  purgatives,  hydra- 
gogue  purgatives,  cholagogue  purgatives. 

1.  Laxatives  or  Aperients,  whose  action  is  only 
moderate — as  sulphur,  magnesia. 

2.  Simple  Purgatives,  which  cause  active  peri- 
stalsis and  some  irritation  and  griping.  These  in- 
clude aloes,  linseed  oil,  castor  oil,  rhubarb,  calomel, 
and  senna. 

3.  Drastic  Purgatives  act  still  more  powerfully 
than  the  simple  purgatives.  They  cause  large  watery 
evacuations,  with  considerable  griping  and  tenesmus. 
The  chief  members  of  this  group  are  croton  oil,  gam- 
boge, scammony,  elaterium,  colocynth,  and  jalap. 

4.  Saline  Purgatives  increase  peristalsis,  pro- 
mote osmosis,  stimulate  the  glands,  and  thus  produce 
free  watery  evacuations.  These  include  Epsom  salt, 
Glauber  salt,  chloride  of  sodium,  etc. 

5.  Hydragogue  Purgatives  are  the  most  active 


INTRODUCTION.  21 

of  all  the  cathartics.  They  remove  from  the  system  a 
large  quantity  of  water — as  croton  oil  and  gamboge. 

6.  Cholagogue  Purgatives  stimulate  the  flow  of 
bile.  These  include  aloes,  podophyllin,  rhubarb,  and 
mercurials. 

Intestinal  Astringents  contract  the  intestinal 
vessels,  diminishing  the  exudation  therefrom,  and  les- 
sening the  fluidit}^  of  the  fecal  discharges.  These 
include  the  diluted  mineral  acids,  lead  acetate,  alum, 
tannic  and  gallic  acids,  sulphate  of  copper,  and  the 
per-salts  of  iron,  which  also  act  as  astringents  to  the 
intestinal  mucous  membranes. 

Cholagogues  and  Hepatic  Stimulants.— 
These  are  two  groups  of  agents  which  have  a  marded 
selective  action  upon  the  biliary  secretion. 

The  Hepatic  Stimulants  increase  the  functional 
activity  of  the  liver  cells  and  also  increaset  he  amount 
of  bile  secreted.  Nitric  acid,  nitromuriatic  acid,  am- 
monium chloride,  bicarbonate  of  soda,  ipecac,  and 
antimony. 

Cholagogues  remove  the  bile  from  the  duodenum 
and  prevent  its  reabsorption  by  the  portal  vessels. 
Aloes,  arsenic,  rhubarb,  sodium  phosphate,  and 
sulphate. 

Hepatic  functions  other  than  the  biliary  are  stimu- 
lated by  the  following-named  drugs,  viz. : 

The  Glycogenic  Function  is  stimulated  and  the 
production  of  glycogen  increased  by  sodium  bicar- 
bonate, amyl  nitrite,  and  nitromuriatic  acid. 

Urea  is  increased  by  arsenic,  antimony,  ammo- 
nium chloride,  iron,  and  phosphorus. 


22  VETERIXARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

Hepatic  Depressants  decrease  the  functional  ac- 
tivity of  the  liver.  Its  various  functions  are  acted 
upon  by  different  drugs:  Bile  production  decreased 
by  opium,  quinine,  alcohol,  and  lead.  Glycogen  pro- 
duction decreased  by  opium,  phosphorus,  and  arsenic. 
Urea  decreased  by  opium,  morphine,  colchicum,  alco- 
hol, and  quinine. 

Anthelmintics  are  agents  which  destroy  (vermi- 
cides) or  expel  (vermifuges)  worms  inhabiting  the  in- 
testinal canal.  These  are  classed  according  to  the 
particular  worm  they  are  most  efficient  against; 
thus: 

Threcid-ivorm  :  Enemata  of  alum,  sulphate  of  iron, 
lime  water. 

Round-worm  :  Santonin,  areca  nut,  chenopodium, 
suljDhate  of  copper,  etc.,  internally,  combined  with  a 
purgative. 

Strongylus  micrurus  (of  sheep) :  Injections  of  tur- 
pentine intratracheally. 

Tape-worm:  Filix  mas,  kamala,  kousso,  grana- 
tum,  turpentine,  and  chloroform. 

Agents  Affecting  Metabolism. 

Restoratives  are  agents  which  promote  construc- 
tive metamorphosis.  They  may  be  subdivided  into 
foods,  haematics,  and  tonics ;  many  stimulants  are  also 
classed  as  restoratives. 

Foods  supply  material  to  maintain  the  vital  proc- 
esses or  to  renew  some  structure  of  the  body. 

Hoematics  enrich  the  quality  of  the  blood  by  in- 


INTRODUCTION.  23 

creasing  tlie  quantity  of  its  haematin.  The  best 
known  haematics  are  compounds  of  iron  and  manga- 
nese. 

Tonics  improve  the  tone  of  the  tissues  on  which 
they  have  specific  action,  increasing  the  vigor  of  the 
entire  system — as  strychnine,  quinine,  iron,  and  the 
vegetable  bitters. 

Alteratives  are  agents  which  alter  the  course  of 
morbid  conditions,  modifying  the  nutritive  processes 
while  promoting  waste,  and  in  this  manner  indirectly 
helping  to  relieve  from  disease.  Mercury,  arsenic, 
iodine,  and  their  preparations  are  typical  alteratives. 

Resolvents  or  Discutients  promote  the  absorp- 
tion of  morbid  products  by  stimulating  the  lymphatic 
system.  These  include  mercury,  cadmium,  iodine, 
arsenic,  and  such  local  measures  as  poulticing  and 
cou  nter-ir  ritati  on . 

Antipyretics  reduce  high  bodily  temperature. 
This  may  be  accomplished  by  five  different  methods, 
viz. : 

1st.  By  diminishing  tissue  change — quinine,  anti- 
pyrine,  salicin. 

2d.  By  reducing  the  circulation — aconite,  digitalis, 
antimony.  (IST.  B. :  These  two  lessen  heat  produc- 
tion.) 

3d.  By  dilating  cutaneous  vessels,  which  increases 
beat  radiation — alcohol,  sweet  spirits  of  nitre. 

4th.  By  promoting  perspiration,  its  evaporation 
lowering  the  temperature — ^antipyrine,  nitrous  ether, 
antimony. 

5th.  By    abstracting  heat   from    the    body — cold 


24  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDIC  A. 

baths,  wet  pack,  cold  drinks.  (N.B. :  These  last  three 
promote  heat  loss.) 

Antiphlogistics  include  all  measures  adopted  to 
reduce  inflammation,  whether  medicine  internally  or 
local  applications — mercury,  opium,  aconite,  digi- 
talis, ergot,  venesection,  purgation,  counter-irritation, 
cold,  ice,  rest,  etc. 

Antiperiodics,  agents  which  check  or  prevent  the 
return  of  various  periodically  recurring  diseases — 
quinine,  arsenic,  salicin,  eucalyptol. 

Agents  Acting  on  Excretion. 

Diuretics  increase  the  activity  of  the  kidneys, 
stimulating  them  to  excrete  the  urine  more  rapidly — ■ 
spiritus  setheris  nitrosi,  digitalis,  etc. 

Renal  Depressants  decrease  the  activity  of  the 
renal  cells,  and  diminish  or  suspend  the  excretion  of 
urine — morphine,  quinine,  ergot. 

Urinary  Alkalizers,  when  taken  internally, 
cause  the  urine  to  have  an  alkaline  reaction — alka- 
lies, salts  of  potassium  and  lithium. 

Urinary  Acidifiers  render  the  urine  of  an  acid 
reaction — benzoic  and  salicylic  acids. 

Vesical  Tonics  stimulate  the  contractile  power  of 
the  bladder  by  increasing  the  tone  of  the  muscular 
fibre  composing  the  walls  of  that  organ — strychnine, 
cantharis,  belladonna. 

Vesical  Sedatives  relieve  irritability  of  the  blad- 
der and  decrease  the  desire  to  micturate — opium, 
cannabis,  belladonna. 


IKTRODUCTION.  25 

Urinary  Sedatives  relieve  irritability  along  the 
entire  urinary  tract  through  the  medium  of  the  urine, 
which  holds  them  in  solution,  coming  in  contact 
with  the  genito-urinary  mucous  membrane — potas- 
sium and  lithium  salts,  cubebs,  copaiba,  sandalwood 
oil. 

Antilithics  and  Lithontriptics  are  agents 
which  prevent  the  formation  of  concretions  in  the 
ducts  (antilithics),  or  dissolve  these  when  already 
formed  (lithontriptics) — salts  of  potash  and  lithia  for 
uric-acid  calculi;  lactic  acid,  dilute  nitromuriatic 
acid,  for  oxalate  of  calcium  calculi ;  benzoic  acid,  di- 
lute nitric  acid,  for  phosphatic  calculi. 

A  Diluent  is  an  indifferent  substance,  which  when 
absorbed  passes  through  the  body,  diluting  its  fluids 
and  excretions — as  water. 

Diaphoretics  and  Sudorifics  increase  the  action 
of  the  skin  and  promote  the  sweating.  They  are  di- 
vided into  three  groups : 

1.  Simple  diaphoretics  enter  the  circulation  and 
stimulate  the  sudoriferous  glands  during  their  elimi- 
nation— as  jaborandi,  nitrous  ether,  alcohol. 

2.  Nauseating  diaphoretics  produce  relaxation  and 
dilatation  of  the  capillaries ;  as  tartar  emetic,  Dover's 
powder,  ipecac,  hot  baths. 

3.  Refrigerant  diaphoretics  reduce  the  force  of  the 
circulation — as  ammonium  and  potassium  salts,  aco- 
nite, ether,  nitrites. 

Anhidrotics  check  perspiration — atropine,  ergot, 
acids ;  and  locally,  cold,  opium,  etc. 


26  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA, 


Agents  Acting  on  the  Generative  Apparatus. 

Aphrodisiacs  stimulate  the  sexual  desire  and 
function  by  direct  and  reflex  action  upon  the  genital 
centres  in  the  brain  and  spinal  cord — nux  vomica, 
cannabis,  cantharis,  phosphorus. 

Anaphrodisiacs  diminish  the  sexual  appetite  and 
lower  its  functional  power  by  depressing  the  genital 
centres  or  by  decreasing  the  local  circulation — co- 
caine, belladonna,  lupulin,  bromides. 

Emmenagogues  include  all  measures  and  remedies 
which  restore  the  menstrual  function.  They  are  di- 
vided into : 

Direct  Emmenagogues^  which  stimulate  the  uter- 
ine muscular  fibres  and  are  ecbolic  in  large  doses — 
ergot,  rue,  savine,  borax,  quinine,  potassium  perman- 
ganate. 

Indirect  Emmenagogues,  which  act  by  improving 
the  blood  and  toning  up  the  nervous  system — iron, 
manganese,  strychnine,  cod-liver  oil. 

EcBOLics  or  Oxytocics  are  agents  which  produce 
abortion  by  stimulating  the  gravid  uterus  to  contract, 
or  by  direct  irritation  of  the  uterine  centre  in  the 
cord — ergot,  savine,  borax,  quinine,  pilocarpine,  cot- 
ton-root bark. 

Any  violent  purgative  or  gastro-intestinal  irritant 
may  produce  abortion  by  reflex  action. 

Uterine  Depressants  lower  the  activity  of  the 
nervo-muscular  apparatus  by  controlling  uterine  con- 


INTRODUCTION".  27 

tractions — opium,  cannabis,  bromides,  chloral,  chloro- 
form. 

Uterine  Tonics  and  Alteratives  are  remedies 
which  act  upon  the  nutrition  and  functions  of  the 
uterus. 

Uterine  Tonics:  Potassium  bromide,  viburnum 
opulus,  potassium  chlorate,  viburnum  prunifolium, 
helonias,  cimicifuga,  pulsatilla,  iodine.  Also  astrin- 
gents locally. 

Uterine  Alteratives :  Iodine,  iodoform,  iodol,  io- 
dized phenol  or  carbolated  iodine,  glycerin,  hydras- 
tis,  silver  nitrate,  galvanism. 

Galactagogues  increase  the  lacteal  secretion — 
jaborandi. 

Galactophyga  decrease  or  check  the  lacteal  se- 
cretion— belladonna  or  atropine  locally  and  internally. 

Agents  Acting  on  the  Skin. 

Irritants  are  agents  which,  on  application  to  the 
skin,  cause  more  or  less  vascular  excitement,  and  are 
called  counter-irritants  when  used  for  exciting  a  re- 
flex action  upon  some  part  of  the  organism  remote 
from  the  place  of  application.  They  are  divided  into 
three  groups,  according  to  the  severity  of  their  ac- 
tion— viz.,  Rubefacients,  epispastics  or  blisters,  pus- 
tulants. 

Rubefacients  cause  only  a  redness  of  the  skin. 
Mustard,  capsicum,  camphor,  iodine,  turpentine. 

Epispastics,  Vesicants,  or  Blisters  produce 
marked  inflammation  of  the  skin  and  an  outpouring 


28  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

of  serum  between  the  derma  and  epidermis,  thus 
constituting  the  blisters — cantharides,  euphorbium, 
mezereon. 

PuSTULANTS  cause  pustules  and  usually  affect  only 
isolated  parts  of  the  skin — croton  oil,  tartar  emetic, 
silver  nitrate. 

Caustics  or  Escharotics  are  agents  which  de- 
stroy the  tissues  to  which  the}^  are  applied,  by  ab- 
stracting the  water  from  these  tissues  or  by  corrosive 
oxidation — caustic  potash,  lime,  zinc  chloride,  silver 
nitrate,  mineral  acids. 

Astringents  cause  contraction  of  muscular  fibre 
and  lessen  secretion  from  mucous  surfaces. 

Systemic  Astringents  act  on  the  internal  organs 
through  the  circulation — viz.,  gallic  acid. 

Local  Astringents  act  upon  the  part  to  which 
they  are  applied — tannin,  alum,  salts  of  copper,  lead, 
zinc,  per-salts  of  iron. 

Styptics  are  local  applications  intended  for  check- 
ing bleeding — as  astringents  of  all  kinds,  cold,  ice,  etc. 

Hemostatics  are  agents  given  internally  to  stop 
hemorrhage — dilute  mineral  acids,  gallic  acid,  ergot, 
digitalis,  lead  acetate,  and  oil  of  turpentine. 

Emollients  and  Demulcents  are  substances  cal- 
culated to  soften,  soothe,  and  protect  tissues  to  which 
they  are  applied. 

Emollients  are  applied  to  act  externally — as  oils, 
fats,  vaseline,  starch,  glycerin,  flaxseed,  or  other 
poultices. 

Demulcents  are  used  for  the  same  purpose  inter- 
nally. 


INTRODUCTION^.  ^9 

Protectives  are  substances  applied  to  cover  or 
protect  an  injured  or  inflamed  part  to  exclude  air, 
dust,  water  and  to  prevent  friction. 

Agents  Acting  on  Microbes,  Parasites,  etc. 

Antizymotics,  agents  which  prevent  and  check  all 
organic  fermentative  processes,  also  those  dependent 
upon  organized  ferments  (bacteria,  cocci,  etc.) .  They 
are  divided  into  two  groups,  viz. : 

Antiseptics,  which  destroy  the  bacilli  which  cause 
septic  decomposition — as  mercuric  chloride,  hydrogen 
dioxide,  formalin,  mercurous  chloride,  hydronaph- 
thol,  sulphurous  acid,  quinine,  thymol,  carbolic  acid, 
alcohol,  and  many  others. 

Disinfectants  are  agents  which  destroy  the  germ» 
of  infectious  diseases.  Some  of  these  are  oxidizanc? 
—lime,  chlorine,  iodine;  some  are  desulphurants— 
as  sulphate  of  iron;  absorbents— as  charcoal;  de- 
odorants— as  ozone,  lime,  chlorine,  and  sulphurous 
acid  gases,  which  destroy  the  bad  odors  while  also 
disinfecting. 

Parasiticides  are  agents  which  destroy  animal 
and  vegetable  parasites  living  upon  the  body.  They 
are  appHed  usually  as  lotions  and  ointments  and  con- 
tain sulphur,  iodine,  mercury  and  its  chlorides,  car- 
bolic acid,  preparations  of  tar,  etc. 

Agents  Acting  upon  Each  Other. 

Antidotes  are  agents  v;hich  act  upon  poisons  in 
such  ^  manner  -^s  tr  pre^eno  them  from  exerting  their 


30  VETtlRINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

toxic  properties.  This  takes  place  in  the  alimentary 
canal,  and  includes  such  measures  as  emetics,  stom- 
ach-pump, purgatives,  etc. 

Antagonists  are  agents  whose  action  counteracts 
the  effects  produced  by  poisons  upon  the  organism. 
This  action  takes  place  within  the  blood  and  tis- 
sues, and  is  applicable  mostly  to  vegetable  poisons. 
This  may  include  artificial  respiration,  electric  treat- 
ment, cold  douches,  motion,  rest,  etc. 


TABLE   OF   DOSES-  31 


TABLE  OF  DOSES 

Horse.  Cattle, 

3  years  up  =  1  =2  years  up. 

1^  years  to  3  years  =  ^  =  1  year  to  2  years 

9  months  to  18  months  =  i  =  I  year  to  1  year. 

4^  months  to  9  months  =1=3  months  to  6  months 

1  month  to  4i  months  =  Jg^  =  1  month  to  3  months. 

Sheep.  Dog. 

2  years  up  =  1  =  i  year  to  1  year  up. 
1  year  to  2  years  =  ^  =  3  months  to  6  months. 
■^  year  to  1  year  =  ^  =  1^  months  to  3  months. 
3  months  to  6  months  =  ^  =  20  days  to  45  days. 
1  month  to  3  months  =  xV  =  1^  ^^JS  to  20  days. 

Pig  and  Goat. 

li  years  up  =  1  If  cattle  and  horses  take  16, 

9  months  to  18  months  =  i  The  pig  takes  3, 

^  months  to  9  months  =  i  The  goat  takes  3, 

2^  months  to  4i  months  =  I  The  dog  takes  1, 

1  month  to  2  months  =  tV  The  cat  takes  h 

The  dose  for  the  adult  dog  =  the  dose  for  adult  man. 
Fluids,  for  cattle  usually  the  same  dose  as  for  the  horse. 
Solids,  for  cattle  usually  1^  times  the  dose  for  the  horse. 


32  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 


RESTORATIVE   AGENTS. 

All  agents  producing  constructive  metamorphosis 
of  tissue  are  included  in  this  division — as  the  diges- 
tive ferments  which  aid  digestion,  foods,  tonics,  hse- 
matics ;  also  a  number  of  the  so-called  stimulants. 

Digestive  Ferments. 

Pepsin  and  pancreatin,  both  organic  substances, 
are  the  most  important  of  these;  papain,  papaw  or 
papayotin,  a  ferment  obtained  from  the  milky  juice 
of  papaya  carica,  a  South  American  fruit-tree. 

Pepsin  is  an  organic  ferment  which  constitutes  the 
digestive  principle  of  the  gastric  juice  of  animals. 
It  is  usually  obtained  from  the  mucous  membrane  of 
the  pig's  stomach. 

Pancreatin  is  obtained  from  the  pancreas  of  ani- 
mals and  contains  four  ferments — viz.,  trj^psin,  pan- 
creatic diastase,  an  emulsifying  and  a  milk-curdling 
ferment. 

Preparations. 

Pepsiiuim  Puriim^  pure  pepsin,  in  yellowish  trans- 
lucent scales  soluble  in  water.  Dose:  H.,  gr.  xv.- 
3i.;  D.,  gr.  i.-iij. 

Pepsinum  Saccharatum  {U.  S.  P.),  saccharated 
pepsin,  is  a  mixture  of  pure  pepsin  with  sugar  of 
milk.  Dose:  H.,  3  ij.-vi. ;  D.,  gr.  v.- 3  ss.,  after 
feeding. 


RESTORATIVE   AGENTS.  ;>J 

Liquor  Pepsini  {U.  S.  P.),  solution  of  pepsin,  li- 
quid pepsin.  Dose:  D.,  fl.  3  i.-ij.  (Contains  sac- 
charated  pepsin  40,  hydrochloric  acid  12,  glycerin 
400,  water  enough  to  make  1,000.) 

Extractum  Pancreaticus,  or  pancreatin,  which 
should  contain  the  four  pancreatic  ferments.  Doses: 
H.,   3ss.-iss. ;  D.,  gr.  iij.-v. 

Ladopeptin^  a  powder  containing  pepsin,  pan- 
creatin, diastase,  lactic  acid,  and  hydrochloric  acid. 
Dose:  D.,  gr.  v.-xv. 

Incompatibles. — Alkalies  and  many  mineral  salts 
precipitate  pepsin,  while  alcohol  destroys  its  activ- 
ity.    Alkalies  promote  the  action  of  pancreatin. 

Physiological  Action. — Pepsin  digests  the  pro- 
teids  or  nitrogenous  principles  of  the  food  (albumin, 
casein,  fibrin,  etc.),  converting  these  into  peptones  for 
assimilation.  Pancreatin,  in  addition  to  this,  also 
emulsifies  the  fats  and  oils,  and  may  be  itself  digested 
by  pepsin ;  hence  it  but  seldom  reaches  the  duodenum 
in  its  original  form.  Papain  is  a  powerful  digester 
of  fibrin  and  will  act  in  solutions  of  any  reaction, 
while  pepsin  requires  an  acid  solution. 

Therapeutics. — The  internal  use  of  pepsin  and 
pancreatin  is  limited  to  young  herbivora  while  receiv- 
ing milk,  and  to  dogs  or  other  carnivora. 

Pepsin  is  beneficial  in  atonic  dyspepsia,  gastralgia, 
anaemia,  chlorosis,  and  the  diarrhoea  of  calves,  foals, 
and  dogs.  It  may  be  added  to  nutritive  enemata  to 
assist  in  their  assimilation,  the  rectum  not  being 
a  digestive  organ.  Acidulated  solutions  may  be 
injected  into  the  substance  of  morbid  growths, 
3 


34  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

especially  fatty  tumors;  also  to  dissolve  out  the 
secretive  membrane  of  quittor  pipes  and  similar 
fistulae. 

Pancreatin  and  its  preparations  are  used  to  partly 
digest  milk,  gruel,  souj^s,  and  other  foods  before  ad- 
ministration in  cases  where  there  is  great  digestive 
debility.  All  nutritive  enemata  should  be  properly 
peptonized  before  use. 

Papain  is  a  rapid  solvent  of  false  membranes  and 
intestinal  worms,  but  is  very  seldom  given  internally, 
as  it  might  digest  the  gastric  mucous  membrane  it- 
self. It  has  been  successfully  used  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  various  tumors,  but  causes  considerable  pain 
and  febrile  reaction. 

Mineral  Acids. 

Acidum  Siilphuriciim  Dilutum,  strength  yV-  H., 
fl.  3i.-ij.;  D.,  m  x.-xx. 

Acidum  Sulphuricum  Aromaticiim,  elixir  of  vit- 
riol, aromatic  salphuric  acid,  strength  \.  Contains 
sulphuric  acid,  alcohol,  ginger,  and  cinnamon. 
This  preparation  is  really  an  ether  resulting  from  the 
reaction  of  the  sulphuric  acid  upon  the  alcohol.  H., 
fl.  3ss.-i.;  D.,  m  v.-x. 

Acidum  Hydrocliloricum  Dilutum,  contains  ten 
per  cent,  absolute  acid.     H.,  fl.  3  i.-ij. ;  D.,  tti  x.-xx. 

Acidum  Nitricum  Dilutum,  strength  I.  H., 
fl.  3  i.-ij. ;  D.,  tt[  x.-xx. 

Acidum  Nitro-Hydrochloricum  (Diliituin),  con- 
tains nitric  acid  4,  hydrochloric  acid  15,  water  7G. 
H.,  fl.  3  i.-ij. ;  D.,  tti  x.-xx. 


RESTORATIVE   AGENTS.  35 

Acidum  Pliosplioricum  Dilutum,  strength  \.  H., 
fl.  3i.-ij.;  D.,  m  x.-xx. 

These  dikite  acids  should  be  given  ivell  diluted. 

Sulphuric  Acid,  acidum  sulphuricum,  oil  of  vitriol 
— H.SO^ — is  produced  by  the  burning  of  sulphur  and 
the  oxidation  and  hydration  of  the  resulting  sulphur- 
ous acid  gas  by  means  of  nitrous  and  aqueous  vapors. 
It  is  a  thick,  oily-looking,  colorless,  odorless  liquid,  of 
an  intensely  acid  taste  and  strong  acid  reaction. 
Specific  gravity,  1.843.  It  absorbs  moisture  from 
the  air,  and  when  mixed  with  water  it  evolves 
heat. 

Muriatic  Acid,  acidum  hydrochloricum,  spirit  of 
salt— HCl.  A  clear,  colorless,  intensely  sour  liquid, 
having  a  strong  acid  reaction,  and  specific  gravity 
1.16.  It  emits  white,  pungent  fumes  of  the  gas 
which  forms  about  thirty-two  per  cent,  by  weight 
of  the  solution.  Obtained  mostly  as  a  by-product  in 
the  manufacture  of  sodium  carbonate  from  common 

salt. 

Nitric  Acid,  acidum  nitricum,  aqua  fortis,  HNO3. 
A  clear,  colorless,  corrosive,  intensely  sour  liquid, 
which  emits  pungent,  suffocating,  nitrous  fumes, 
and  oxidizes,  corrodes,  and  dissolves  most  organic 
substances.  It  has  great  affinity  for  water  and 
evolves  heat  when  mixed  with  this.  Nitric  acid 
is  prepared  from  sodium  or  potassium  nitrate,  sul- 
phuric acid,  and  water.  It  contains  about  sev- 
enty per  cent,  of  true  nitric  acid,  and  has  the  specific 
gravity  1.42. 

Nitro-Hydrochloric  Acid,  acidum  nitromuriaticum, 


36  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

aqua  regia.  This  is  a  mixture  of  the  nitric  and  hy- 
drochloric acids,  but  in  its  full  strength  is  used  only 
in  the  arts. 

Phosphoric  Acid,  acidum  phosphoricum,  H3PO,. 
Concentrated  phosphoric  acid  is  obtained  by  heating 
phosphorus  with  dilute  nitric  acid  until  nitrous  fumes 
no  longer  come  off;  the  resulting  compound  is  then 
diluted  with  water  till  its  specific  gravity  is  1.5.  It 
requires  about  thirty-three  per  cent,  of  water.  Con- 
centrated phosphoric  acid  is  a  clear,  colorless,  acid, 
syrupy  liquid,  and  in  its  purity  is  not  used  medicin- 
ally. 

Physiological  Actions  of  the  Mineral  Acids. 

The  strong  acids  are  corrosive  irritant  poisons  if 
given  internally,  unless  properly  diluted  and  in  proper 
quantity.  Medicinal  doses  are  refrigerant,  antisep- 
tic, tonic,  and  astringent.  Externally:  Stimulant, 
astringent,  and  escharotic.  They  abstract  water 
from  the  tissues,  combine  with  bases  to  form  salts, 
destroy  protoplasm,  and  are  very  diffusible.  Sul- 
phuric acid  carbonizes  (black) ;  nitric  acid  tans  (yel- 
low). When  in  contact  with  the  mouths  of  ducts 
having  an  alkaline  secretion  this  is  produced  in  in- 
creased quantity,  while  if  in  contact  with  the  mouths 
of  ducts  having  an  acid  secretion  this  latter  is  de- 
creased. Secretion  in  general  is  promoted  by  nitric 
acid,  and  decreased  by  sulphuric  acid — nitric  acid 
aiding  peristalsis,  sulphuric  acid  producing  constipa- 
tion. Muriatic  acid  aids  digestion  and  stimulates 
mucous  and  intestinal  secretions,  especially  when  com- 


RESTORATIVE   AGENTS.  37 

bined  with  bitters.  All  of  the  mineral  acids  tend 
to  check  fermentation  and  aid  in  digestion.  If  con- 
tinued for  too  long  a  time  they  lessen  the  production 
of  gastric  juice,  and  thus  impair  digestion.  Phos- 
phoric acid  is  the  most  agreeable  of  the  mineral  acids 
and  is  not  so  apt  to  derange  digestion  if  given  for  a 
longer  period.  The  mineral  acids  are  excreted  mainly 
by  the  kidneys,  diminishing  the  alkalinity  or  increas- 
ing the  normal  acidity  of  the  urine. 

Toxic  doses  of  the  mineral  acids  produce  violent 
gastro-enteritis;  lips,  mouth,  and  fauces  are  highly 
inflamed  and  sw^ollen;  respiration  more  labored  as 
the  swelling  of  the  throat  increases;  pulse  weak  and 
quick;  great  abdominal  pain,  increasing  prostration, 
and  death  in  from  three  to  twelve  hours. 

Post-mortem  examination  shows  throughout  the 
entire  gastro-intestinal  tract  dark-colored  patches  of 
corrosion,  and  occasionally  perforations. 

Antidotes. — Alkaline  carbonates  or  bicarbonates, 
or  chalk  to  neutralize  the  acid ;  stomach-pump  when 
practicable;  oil,  albumen,  or  milk  to  protect  the  mu- 
cous membranes;  stimulants,  opium,  ammonia  intra- 
venously to  counteract  the  depression  of  the  vital 
powers. 

Therapeutics. — The  mineral  acids  are  used  in 
chronic  diarrhoea  and  dysejitery,  the  sulphuric  acid 
combined  with  laudanum  given  in  starch,  gruel,  or 
mucilage.  Influenza — especially  the  sulphuric  with 
quinine  sulphate.  Equine  purpura— the  sulphuric 
with  iron  sulphate.  Hemorrhages,  especially  at 
parts  remote  from  the  stomach— the  sulphuric  with 


38  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

or  without  ergot.  Irritable  or  ulcerated  sore  throat 
— either  the  sulphuric  or  hydrochloric,  well  diluted, 
as  a  driuk.  Atonic  cZ^/spepsia— hydrochloric  with 
or  without  pepsin  and  bitters,  given  after  feeding, 
except  when  there  is  acidity  of  the  stomach.  Acid- 
ity of  the  stomach — hydrochloric  or,  phosphoric  in 
small  doses  before  feeding.  Torpidity  of  liver, 
chronic  hepatitis — hydrochloric,  nitric,  or  best  of 
all,  nitro-hydrochloric.  Fevers  —  sulphuric  with 
magnesium  sulphate;  for  typhoid  cases  the  hydro- 
chloric is  preferable.  Intermittent  and  i^emittent 
fevers — nitric  acid  in  full  doses.  Lead-poisoning 
— the  sulphuric,  to  form  the  insoluble  lead  sulphate. 
General  debility,  convalescence — ^the  sulphuric, 
with  iron  sulphate  and  nux  vomica. 

Local  Uses.  —  For  ulcers,  nitric  acid  as  an 
escharotic.  Also  to  destroy  warts,  fungous  and  ma- 
lignant growths  which  cannot  be  otherwise  conve- 
niently removed.  As  a  wash,  well  diluted,  in  Mallen- 
der's  and  chronic  eczema.  Irregular,  sinuous,  and 
poisoned  wounds,  the  sulphuric  acid  or  the  black  oil 
(sulphuric  acid  1,  spirit  of  turpentine  4,  linseed  oil 
16),  which  is  a  convenient  application  to  contract  and 
remove  umbilical  hernia. 

Foot-rot  in  sheep — the  hydrochloric  acid.  A 
powerful  astringent  and  styptic — Warren's  styptic 
(sulphuric  acid  5,  spirit  of  turpentine  4,  alcohol  4). 

Oils  and  Fats. 

The  fixed  oils  and  fats  principally  used  in  veteri- 
nary practice  are :  Ad(ps — lard ;  Oleum  Morrhuce — 


KESTORATiVE   AGENTS.  '6^ 

cod-liver  oil ;  Oleum  Adipis — lard  oil;  Oleum  Gos- 
sypii  Seminis — cotton-seed  oil ;  Oleum  OUvce — olive 
oil;  Lanolinum — lanolin,  sheep's  wool  fat;  Oleum 
Tlieohromce — cacao  butter. 

Oleum  Tiglii — croton  oil;  Oleum  Bicini—castor 
oil;  Oleum  Lini — linseed  oil.  These  three,  being 
used  mostly  for  their  cathartic  qualities,  are  classed 
with  the  evacuents. 

Composition :  Excepting  cod-liver  oil,  all  of  the 
oils  contain  olein,  stearin,  and  margarin  in  varying 
proportions — the  olein  giving  fluidity,  the  stearin 
solidity. 

Cod-Liver  Oil  is  obtained  from  the  fresh  liver  of 
the  Gadus  morrhua  and  other  species  of  Gadus.  It 
contains  olein  and  margarin,  gaduin  (a  principle  pe- 
culiar to  itself),  propylamin,  bile  constituents,  and 
traces  of  sulphuric  and  phosphoric  acids,  bromine, 
iodine,  phosphorus,  iron,  lime,  and  magnesia.  Three 
varieties  are  found  in  the  market,  of  which  the  pale 
or  white  oil  is  the  best,  the  two  other  darker  varieties 
being  of  questionable  utility. 

Linseed  Oil  contains  a  large  proportion  of  vegeta- 
ble albumin,  which  coagulates  on  exposure  to  the  air, 
thus  making  it  a  drying  oil.  This  property  is  in- 
creased by  boiling  the  oil. 

Lanolin  is  a  cholesterin  fat  obtained  from  the 
washings  of  sheep's  wool,  and  contains  from  twenty- 
five  to  thirty  per  cent,  of  water.  It  has  a  faint 
odor,  and  differs  from  other  fats  in  that  choles- 
terin takes  the  place  of  glycerin;  hence  it  does  not 
saponify  with  an  alkali.     It  is  not  liable  to  become 


40  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

rancid,  unites  readily  with  more  than  its  own  weight 
of  water,  is  perfectly  neutral  as  a  base,  readily  pene- 
trates the  integument,  carrying  with  it  any  medica- 
ment with  which  it  is  charged. 

Cotton-seed  Oil  is  a  bland  oil  expressed  from  the 
cotton  seeds,  and  largely  takes  the  place  of  olive  oil, 
which  is  usually  adulterated  with  it. 

Physiological  Action.— Small  quantities  of  fats 
and  oils  are  said  to  be  necessary  for  the  digestion 
of  nitrogenous  foods,  and  to  form  the  molecular  basis 
of  the  chyle.  Fat,  which  is  an  essential  constituent 
of  the  products  of  tissue  formation,  is  the  main  factor 
concerned  in  the  production  of  force,  and  is  prepared 
for  assimilation  by  the  action  of  the  pancreatic  juice 
and  the  bile.  After  oxidation  fat  is  excreted  as  car- 
bonic acid  and  water. 

Therapeutics. — Olive  oil,  cotton-seed  oil,  and 
lard  oil  are  nutrient,  laxative,  and  emollient.  The 
first  two  are  occasionally  given  in  doses  of  from  one- 
half  to  two  pints  to  horses  and  cattle  as  a  cathartic; 
for  the  same  purpose  in  the  dog  from  two  to  three 
fluidounces.  They  are  also  used  to  form  the  body  of 
many  liniments,  i.e.,  as  "  Hartshorn  liniment "  (aqua 
ammonia  eSO,  cotton-seed  oil  70).  The  fats  and  oils 
are  applied  locally  by  inunction  in  chronic  wasting 
diseases  and  in  scaly  skin  diseases.  In  scrofulous 
conditions  cod-liver  oil  is  given  internally,  and  also 
externally  by  inunction.  Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  i.-ij. ;  C, 
fl.  1  ij.-iv. ;  D.,  fl.  3  i.-iv.  It  is  very  serviceable  as 
an  aid  in  convalescence  from  catarrh,  influenza,  or 
other  debilitating    disease,  and    may   be   advanta- 


RESTORATIVE   AGENTS.  41 

geously  given  in  broken  wind  in  the  horse,  in  chronic 
rheumatic  disorders,  chorea,  and  epilepsy.  A  very 
convenient  preparation,  when  the  pure  oil  is  undesir- 
able, is  made  by  shaking  together  in  a  bottle  equal 
volumes  of  cod-liver  oil  and  lime  water.  For  chronic 
rough  in  the  dog  this  last  preparation  two  ounces, 
iind  one  ounce  syrup  of  wild  cherry  bark ;  give  one  to 
two  teaspoonfuls  three  to  four  times  daily. 

Ferrum — Iron. 

Iron  and  its  salts  were  the  first  mineral  substances 
used  in  medicine — now  about  three  thousand  years 
ago — its  chief  function  in  the  animal  economy  as 
well  as  in  nature  being  that  of  an  oxygen  carrier. 
Iron  is  a  normal  constituent  of  the  blood  (1  part  in 
230  of  red  corpuscles)  and  tissues,  where  it  exists  as 
an  oxide  in  combination  with  the  hematin  of  the 
blood,  and  cannot  exist  in  the  blood  without  this.  It 
is  also  present  in  bile,  lymph,  chyle,  in  the  pigment 
of  the  eye,  and  in  the  gastric  juice.  Preparations  of 
iron  should  be  given  in  small  doses,  as  but  a  small 
quantity  is  absorbed,  and  the  rest  is  eliminated  with 
the  fseces,  which  are  blackened  as  the  result  of  the 
iron  being  transformed  into  a  sulphide  during  its 
passage  through  the  intestinal  canal. 

Chief  Preparations  and  Their  Doses. 

Ferrum  Rediictum — iron  reduced  by  hydrogen. 
This  is  a  fine,  grayish-black,  lustreless  powder,  per- 
manent in  air,  odorless,  tasteless,  and  insoluble  in 
water  or  alcohol.      Dose:  H.,   3ij.-iv. ;  D.,  gr.  i.-v. 


42  VETERINARY    IIATERTA    MEDICA. 

Ferri  Carhonas  Saccliaratus — saccharated  car- 
bonate of  iron.  A  greenish-gray  powder,  graduall}^ 
oxidized  by  contact  with  air,  having  at  first  a  sweet- 
ish taste,  and  a  metallic  or  ferruginous  after-taste. 
Neutral  reaction,  and  but  partly  soluble  in  water; 
completely  soluble  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  with 
evolution  of  H^COg,  forming  a  clear  yellow  liquid. 
It  is  prepared  by  mixing  freshly  prepared  carbonate 
of  iron  with  sugar,  and  should  contain  about  thirty- 
five  per  cent,  of  the  carbonate.  Dose:  H.,  3i.-iv. ; 
D.,  gr.  ij.-x. 

Ferri  lodidum — iodide  of  iron.  Greenish  tabular 
crystals,  which  turn  brownish-red  on  exposure  to  air. 
As  it  is  very  readily  decomposed  it  is  but  seldom 
used  except  as  the  more  stable  compound. 

Sijrupus  Ferri  lodidi — syrup  of  iodide  of  iron. 
This  when  properly  prepared  is  a  light  green,  clear 
syrup,  and  may  be  made  extemporaneously  as  fol- 
lows : 

I^Iodipuri., 3xiij.-Bi. 

Ferri  pulv., 3  vijss. 

Aquas  dest., 3  iij* 

Syr.  simplicis §  xxix. 

Ft.  syr,  legeartis.     Dose:  H.  fl.  3ss.-ij.  ;  D.,  tt^  x.-xxx. 

This  should  be  kept  in  the  light,  in  small  bottles,  and 
a  small  iron  nail  placed  in  each  to  take  up  any  iodine 
which  may  become  free  from  time  to  time. 

Ferri  Sulphas — green  vitriol,  copperas,  sulphate 
of  iron.  Large  pale-greenish  prisms  or  lumps,  efflor- 
escent and  absorbing  oxj-gen  on  exposure  to  air,  odor- 
less, saline,  styptic  taste,  acid  reaction,  soluble  in  1.8 


REStORATIYE   AGENTS.  43 

parts  of  water,  and  insoluble  in  alcohol.  Dose:  H., 
3  i--iij. ;  D.,  gr.  i.-iij.  (Best  given  in  aqueous  solu- 
tion as  it  is  very  irritant  and  astringent.) 

Ferri  Sulphas  Exsiccatus — dried  sulphate  of  iron, 
is  the  preceding  salt  deprived  of  its  water  of  cr^^stal- 
lization.  The  same  in  action,  but  the  dose  is  only 
half  of  that  given  of  the  other. 

Ferri  Percliloridum — perchloride  of  iron.  Orange- 
yellow  crystalline  pieces,  very  deliquescent,  odorless 
or  but  slight  odor  of  hydrochloric  acid,  strongly  styp- 
tic taste,  and  acid  reaction.  Freely  soluble  in  water, 
alcohol,  and  ether. 

Liquor  Ferri  Perchloridi—^oluiion  of  perchloride 
of  iron,  an  aqueous  solution  containing  thirty-eight 
per  cent,  of  the  salt.  Dose:  H.,  fl.3ss.-i.;  D., 
m  i.-v. 

Tinctura  Ferri  Chloi^idi — tincture  of  chloride  of 
iron  (liquor  35,  alcohol  65).  Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  ij.-  3  i. ; 
D.,  m  v.-xx. 

Gossypium  Hcemostaticum — styptic  cotton,  made 
by  dipping  absorbent  cotton  in  water,  squeezing  out, 
then  dipping  it  in  a  solution  of  chloride  of  iron,  again 
squeezing  out  superfluous  liquid  and  drying. 

Medicinal  Actions  of  the  Iron  Preparations. 

Iron  carbonate  is  a  mild  chalybeate,  especially  used 
in  canine  practice,  and  is  employed  in  the  same  dis- 
eases as  the  sulphate. 

Iron  sulphate  is  a  restorative  tonic,  and  in  larger 
doses  astringent  and  irritant.      Externally — stimu- 


44  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

lant,  astringent,  styptic,  and  antiseptic.  Its  irritant 
action  is  counteracted  by  galls,  alkaline  carbonates, 
and  demulcents.  It  is  given  in  anaemia,  dysentery, 
diarrhoea,  scrofula,  relaxed  mucous  membranes, 
wasteful  serous  or  bloody  discharges,  as  diabetes,  red 
water  in  cattle,  purpura,  and  various  forms  of  hemor- 
rhages. It  antagonizes  enlargement  of  spleen  and 
liver,  and  has  been  given  with  good  effect  in  chorea 
and  epilepsy ;  also  in  convalescence  from  debilitating 
diseases.  It  should  not  be  given  if  the  bowel  is  very 
irritable,  and  should  not  be  continued  for  more  than 
two  weeks  at  a  time,  allowing  a  few  days'  interval 
without  its  administration  before  resuming.  Give 
soon  after  feeding — never  on  empty  stomach. 

Iodide  of  iron  is  a  good  tonic,  alterative,  and  astrin- 
gent, and  may  be  used  the  same  as  the  sulphate,  but 
is  especially  effective  in  polyuria,  nasal  gleet  accom- 
panied by  debility,  and  scrofulous  and  rheumatic 
swellings  of  the  joints. 

Iron  chloride  is  used  in  red  water  in  cattle,  farcy, 
purpura,  and  typhoid  complaints;  distemper,  loss  of 
appetite  from  want  of  tone,  hemorrhage  in  alimentary 
canal,  and  as  an  astringent  and  stimulant  for  the  gen- 
ito-urinary  mucous  membranes.  In  erysipelas  half- 
ounce  doses  of  the  tincture  of  iron  have  given  most 
gratifying  results.  In  sore  throat  give  with  chlorate 
of  potash  or  muriate  of  ammonia.  Diluted  with  wa- 
ter and  injected  per  rectum  to  destroy  ascarides.  In 
the  treatment  of  rheumatism  in  weak,  debilitated  ani- 
mals, alternate  it  with  salicylic  acid.  Externally  it 
is  applied  as  antiseptic,  astringent,  and  styptic. 


RESTORATIVE   AGENTS.  45 

Massa  Ferri  Carhonatis — Vallet's  mass,  is  a  very- 
suitable  preparation  for  the  smaller  domesticated 
animals.  Dose  for  dog,  gr.  i.-v.  It  is  prepared  by- 
beating  into  a  mass :  Ferrous  sulphate  100,  sodium 
carbonate  110,  honey  36,  sugar  25,  syrup  and  water  a 
sufficient  quantity  to  give  proper  consistence. 

BiSMUTHUM — Bismuth. 

Chief  Preparations. — Bismuthi  Siibcarhonas — 
bismuth  subcarbonate ;  Bismuthi  Suhnitras — bis- 
muth subnitrate.  Doses:  H.,  3i.-iij.;  D.,  gr.  ij.-x. 
These  salts  of  bismuth  are  heavy  white  powders,  in- 
soluble in  water  or  alcohol,  and  nearly  so  in  the 
gastric  juice.  They  act  as  local  sedatives  and  astrin- 
gents to  the  stomach  and  intestines,  relieving  irrita- 
tion in  dyspepsia  and  vomiting.  They  are  frequently 
given  in  diarrhoea  and  dysentery,  combined  with  tan- 
nin, opium,  or  catechu. 

Bismuthi  Suhiodidum  —  bismuth  subiodide,  a 
heavy,  dark-red,  insoluble  powder,  w^ith  very  power- 
ful antiseptic  and  stimulant  properties,  is  used  only 
externally  as  a  dressing  for  wounds,  ulcers,  etc. 

Arsenium  or  Arsenicum — Arsenic. 

Chief  Preparations.  —  Acidum  Arseniosunij 
Arsenious  Acid^  White  Arsenic — a  dull  white  pow- 
der, specific  gravity  3.8,  colorless,  tasteless;  sprinkled 
on  red-hot  coals  it  gives  off  a  garlicky  odor ;  com- 
pletely volatilizes  at  400°  F.  Sparingly  soluble  in 
alcohol  and  water  (1:33),    but  its  solubility  is  in- 


46  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

creased  by  acids  and  alkalies.  Dose:  H.,  gr.  v.-x. ; 
D-,  gr.  T5-To»  after  feeding. 

Liquor  Potassii  Arsenitis — solution  of  potassium 
arsenite,  Fowler's  solution,  contains  one  per  cent,  of 
arsenious  acid .  It  is  prepared  by  heating  in  a  flask : 
Potassium  carbonate  and  arsenious  acid,  of  each  gr. 
Ixxxvij;  distilled  water,  Oi.  Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  ss.-i. ; 
D.,  TU  ij.-xv.,  after  feeding. 

Physiological  Action.— Arsenic  is  a  powerful 
escharotic  and  excites  violent  inflammation  locally ; 
given  internally,  it  is  a  powerful  irritant  to  the  gas- 
tro-intestinal  and  bronchial  mucous  membranes,  and 
should  always  be  given  after  feeding.  Small  doses 
act  as  a  stomachic  tonic,  promoting  the  appetite  and 
digestion,  increase  cardiac  action,  respiratory  power, 
and  the  secretions  of  the  intestinal  canals ;  also  stim- 
ulate intestinal  peristalsis  and  increase  the  sexual 
appetite.  Full  medicinal  doses,  if  continued,  cause 
oedema  and  itching  of  the  eyelids,  increased  saliva, 
nausea,  vomiting  of  mucus,  diarrhoea  or  dysentery, 
enfeebled  heart,  soreness  to  the  touch  over  epigas- 
tric region,  itchy  skin  with  small  eruptions,  jaun- 
dice, and  albuminuria.  Toxic  doses  produce  colicky 
pains,  vomiting,  great  thirst,  dysentery,  strang- 
ury, suppressed  or  bloody  urine,  rapid  feeble  heart, 
cold  breath,  and  collapse.  Post-mortem  examination 
shows  ecchymotic  spots,  erosions,  softening  of  the 
gastro-intestinal  mucous  membranes,  fatty  degenera- 
tion of  internal  organs,  especially  kidney  and  liver; 
also  congestion  of  lungs  and  bronchial  mucous  mem- 
branes. 


RESTOKATIVE    AGENTS.  47 

Treatment  of  Arsenical  Poisoning. — The  best  an- 
tidote is  the  freshly-prepared  hydrated  oxide  of  iron* 
in  the  proportion  of  eight  parts  for  every  one  part  of 
the  poison.  When  practicable,  emetics  or  stomach- 
pump;  cathartics  may  also  be  given;  oil,  milk,  mu- 
cilaginous drinks,  to  protect  the  mucous  membranes. 
Further  treatment  must  necessarily  be  symptomatic. 

Therapeutics. — As  a  gastric  tonic  in  dyspepsia 
and  gastralgia.  In  chronic  catarrhal  diarrhoea,  when 
partly  digested  food  is  passed.  Chronic  bronchial 
and  pulmonary  affections.  As  an  alterative  in  the 
early  stages  of  tuberculosis  and  farc3\  In  rheuma- 
tism, chorea,  epilepsy,  chronic  eczema,  scab,  and 
mange.  In  periodic  fevers,  combined  with  quinine ; 
in  weak  heart  with  stocking  of  legs,  give  with  iron 
and  nux  vomica  or  strychnine.  Also  in  chronic 
scaly  skin  diseases.  Externally  to  eradicate  warts, 
slough  out  fistulse  and  tumors.  As  a  sheep  dip — ar- 
senic 2i  pounds,  sodium  carbonate  3  pounds,  soft  soap 
and  sulphur,  of  each  5  pounds,  water  100  gallons. 
Use  with  care ! 

Bitter  Tonics. 

The  chief  members  of  this  group  are  Gentian  and 
Cinchona. 

Gentiana — gentian,    the  dried   root  of  Gentiana 

*  To  prepare  hydrated  oxide  of  iron. — To  a  solution  of  sul- 
phate or  chloride  of  iron  add  water  of  ammonia  till  a  precipi- 
tate is  no  longer  formed  ;  collect  this  precipitate  on  a  cloth 
and  wash  till  ammonia  is  removed  ;  mix  with  water  and  give 
at  once. 


48  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

lutea,  a  perennial  European  plant.  Gentian  is  a 
simple  bitter,  improves  the  appetite  and  general  tone, 
and  aids  digestion.  It  is  used  as  a  tonic  and  stom- 
achic in  all  veterinary  patients.  Its  chief  prepara- 
tions are:  Pulvis  gentianse,  powdered  gentian  root: 
H.,  3ss.-i.;  D.,  gr.  x.-xxx.  Extractum  gentianse 
fluidum,  fluid  extract  of  gentian:  H.,  fl.  3  ss.-i. ;  D., 
TU  x.-xxx.  Tinctura  gentianae  composita,  compound 
tincture  of  gentian :  Prepared  from  cardamom  2,  bit- 
ter orange-peel  4,  gentian  8,  diluted  alcohol  enough 
to  make  100  parts.  This  last  preparation  is  used 
mostly  in  canine  practice.  Dose :  H.,  fl.  3  i.-iij. ;  D., 
fl.  3  ss.-ij. 

Cinchona^  Peruvian  bark.  There  are  three  chief 
varieties  of  cinchona,  viz. : 

1.  Cinchona^  the  bark  of  any  species  of  cinchona 
containing  at  least  three  per  cent,  of  alkaloids. 

2.  Cinchona  Flava,  yellow  bark  or  calisaya  bark, 
obtained  from  the  cinchona  calisaya,  and  containing 
the  most  quinine. 

3.  Cinchona  Ruhra^  red  bark,  obtained  from  the 
cinchona  succirubra,  and  containing  about  equal  parts 
of  quinine  and  cinchonine. 

Another  variety,  the  Cinchona  Pallida,  or  pale 
bark,  contains  the  most  cinchonine,  but  is  not  of  so 
much  importance  as  the  others.  The  cinchona  tree  is 
a  native  of  the  mountainous  parts  of  western  South 
America,  but  is  also  planted  and  raised  for  bark  in 
India,  Burmah,  Ceylon,  and  various  other  suitable 
places. 

Composition  of  Cinchona. — It  contains  four  chief 


KESTORATIVE   AGENTS.  49 

alkaloids,  called:  Quinina^  quinine — the  most  valua- 
ble. Quinidina,  quinidine — the  strongest  antiperi- 
odic.  Cinchonia,  cinchonine — the  least  valuable. 
Cinchonidina^  cinchonidine — about  half  the  strength 
of  quinine.  Besides  these  are  found  seventeen  other 
alkaloids  of  minor  importance,  two  simple  acids,  two 
tannic  acids,  one  resinoid,  and  coloring  matter. 

Cliinoidin  is  the  black  bitter  residue  left  after  the 
crystallizable  alkaloids  have  been  removed  from  the 
mother  liquor,  and  evaporated.  It  is  one-fourth  as 
strong  as  quinine. 

Quinine  is  prepared  by  boiling  the  coarsely  ground 
bark  in  dilute  hydrochloric  acid,  and  treating  the  fil- 
tered solution  with  lime  until  it  is  alkaline  in  reac- 
tion. This  process  precipitates  the  alkaloids  and  the 
coloring  matter.  The  collected  precipitate  is  then 
boiled  with  alcohol,  which  dissolves  the  quinine  and 
cinchonine.  This  last  solution  is  neutralized  with 
sulphuric  acid,  boiled  with  animal  charcoal,  and  fil- 
tered. This  filtered  liquid,  on  standing,  allows  the 
quinine  sulphate  to  crystallize  out,  and  retains  the 
cinchonine  in  solution.  Quinine  sulphate  occurs  in 
delicate  feathery  or  silky  whitish  prisms,  has  an  in- 
tensely bitter  taste,  is  soluble  in  seven  hundred  and 
forty  to  nine  hundred  parts  of  cold  water,  readily 
in  alcohol,  soluble  ether,  chloroform,  and  dilute 
acids. 

Chief  Preparations  of  Cinchona  employed  in 
veterinary  practice  are : 

Pulvis    Corticis    CincJwnce,  powdered   cinchona 
bark.     Dose:  H.,   3  ij.-iv. ;  D.,  gr.  xx.-xl. 
4 


50  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

Tinctura  CinchoncE  Composita,  compound  tinc- 
ture of  cinchona  bark,  U.  S.  P.  (Red  bark  10,  ser- 
pentaria  2,  orange  peel  8,  glycerin  10,  alcohol  and 
water,  of  each  a  sufiQcient  quantity  to  make  100 
parts.)     Dose:  H.,  fl.  si.-iij.;  D.,  fl.  3  ss.-iv. 

Infusum  Cinchonoe,  infusion  of  cinchona.  (Cin- 
chona 6,  aromatic  sulphuric  acid  1,  water  93.)  Dose: 
H.,  Oss.-i. ;  D.,  fi.  3  i.-iv. 

QuinincB  Sulphas,  sulphate  of  quinine.  Dose: 
H.,  gr.  XV.-  3  i. ;  D.,  gr.  i.-v. 

Cinchonidince  Sulphas,  sulphate  of  cinchonidine. 
Dose:  H.,   3ss.-ij.;  D.,  gr.  ij.-x. 

Quinince  Bimuriatis  Carhamas,  the  double  hy- 
drochlorate  of  quinine  and  urea,  a  very  soluble  salt, 
is  especially  adapted  for  hypodermic  medication. 
Dose  for  dog,  inject  grs.  1^  to  8  dissolved  in  fU  10  to 
20  of  distilled  water;  dose  for  horse,  inject  grs.  15  to 
30  dissolved  in  fl.  3  ss.  to  ij.  of  distilled  water. 

Other  quinine  salts,  as  the  muriate  and  hisulphate, 
are  given  in  the  same  doses  as  the  sulphate. 

Incompatihles  are  free  tannic  acid,  iodine,  alkalies, 
and  alkaline  carbonates. 

Physiological  Action. — Cinchona  bark  is  an 
astringent  bitter  tonic,  antiseptic,  antij^eriodic,  anti- 
phlogistic, antipyretic,  and  emmenagogue.  It  di- 
minishes reflex  action,  acts  as  a  protoplasmic  poison, 
and  its  alkaloids,  while  rapidly  diffused,  are  but 
slowly  eliminated,  being  found  in  the  urine  in  fifteen 
minutes  after  taking,  and  as  late  as  three  days  after ; 
the  maximum  point  of  action  being  reached  in  about 
four  to  five  hours  after  its  first  administration.     Qui- 


RESTORATIVE    AGENTS.  51 

nine  is  held  in  solution  in  the  blood  by  carbonic  acid. 
When  first  given  it  promotes  the  appetite,  improves  di- 
gestion, stimulates  the  flow  of  saliva  and  gastric  juice ; 
but  if  very  long  continued  brings  on  gastric  catarrh, 
indigestion,  and  constipation.  Small  doses  stimulate 
the  heart,  while  large  doses  depress  the  heart  and  en- 
feeble the  pulse.  Moderate  doses  cause  hypereemia 
of  the  brain,  and  large  doses  produce  ansemia  of  the 
brain.  Cinchonism  is  the  term  applied  to  the  effects 
of  continued  large  doses,  i.e.,  headache,  amaurosis, 
deafness,  staggering  gait,  irregular  heart's  action, 
convulsions,  etc.  The  spleen  is  reduced  in  size  and 
the  temperature  of  pyrexia  lowered,  but  it  does  not 
reduce  the  body  temperature  of  a  healthy  animal.  It 
is  a  uterine  stimulant  in  labor,  and  lessens  the  excre- 
tion of  uric  acid,  but  not  that  of  urea.  It  is  used 
in  malarial  and  intermittent  fevers,  acute  catarrh, 
surgical  fever,  and  erysipelas  (with  iron  and  ar- 
senic) ;  as  a  tonic  in  indigestion  and  general  debil- 
ity with  nux  vomica;  in  asthma  and  diarrhoea. 
Also  in  diabetes,  influenza,  strangles,  and  purpura. 
A  five-per-cent.  solution  of  the  muriate  of  quinine 
is  frequently  used  to  wash  out  the  bladder  in  cys- 
titis. Quinine  should  not  be  given  in  inflamma- 
tory diseases  of  the  bowel  if  accompanied  by  consti- 
pation and  irritability  of  the  stomach.  Quinine  may 
be  given  in  bolus  or  solution,  and  its  action  is  said  to 
be  increased  by  conjoining  with  capsicum  or  ginger. 
Ferri  et  Qiiinince  Citras,  or  Ferro-Cliinimim 
Citricmn,  the  citrate  of  iron  and  quinine,  a  double 
salt,  used  mostly  in  canine  practice,  is  given  in  pill 


52  VETERIXARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

or  aqueous  solution.  Dose  for  dog :  gr.  ss-ij.  This 
combines  the  actions  of  the  two,  iron  and  quinine, 
and  is  a  very  valuable  tonic. 


AGENTS   PROMOTING   WASTE. 
Potassium. 

Potassium  is  one  of  the  metallic  elements.  Sym- 
bol, K;  atomic  weight,  39;  quantivalence,  1.  It  has 
great  affinity  for  oxygen,  and  decomposes  water  with 
considerable  violence,  replacing  one  or  both  of  its 
hydrogen  atoms.  It  is  obtained  as  "carnallite,"  a 
chloride  of  potassium  and  magnesium,  in  or  near 
rock-salt  beds;  also  from  Avood  ashes. 

Chief  Preparations. — Potassa,  caustic  potash, 
hyd rated  protoxide  of  potash.  This  is  obtained  by 
dissolving  the  ashes  of  plants  in  water  (wdaen  cal- 
cined these  lose  their  organic  impurities) ;  this  then 
is  pearl  ash  or  impure  potassium  carbonate.  This  so- 
lution is  boiled  with  calcium  hydrate,  forming  cal- 
cium carbonate  as  a  precipitate,  and  leaving  potas- 
sium hydrate  in  solution. 

Liquor  Potassce,  solution  of  potassa  (Potassa 
3  i.,  dissolved  in  distilled  water  Oi.)-  Potassa  and 
its  solution  are  powerful  caustics,  and  are  rarely  used 
internally. 

Potassii  Acetas,  potassium  acetate,  a  white,  solu- 
ble, deliquescent  salt,  obtained  b}^  neutralizing  potas- 
sium carbonate  with  acetic  acid.  Dose :  H.,  3  ss.-i. ; 
D.,  gr.  v. -XV. 


AGENTS    PROMOTING    WASTE.  63 

(A)  Potassii  Carhonas,  potassium  carbonate. 
{B)  Potassii  Bicarbonas,  potassium  bicarbonate. 
Dose  of  either  of  these  for  H.,  3  ss.-i. ;  D.,  gr. 
x.-xxx. 

(A)  is  prepared  from  wood  ashes  or  by  burning 
potassium  tartrate  with  charcoal. 

{B)  is  prepared  by  passing  carbonic  -  acid  gas 
through  a  strong  aqueous  solution  of  the  neutral 
carbonate.  Occurs  in  transparent,  colorless,  rhombic 
prisms,  soluble  in  four  times  its  own  weight  of 
water. 

Potassii  Nitras,  potassium  nitrate,  nitre,  salt- 
petre. Dose:  As  febrifuge,  H.,  3ij.-iv. ;  D.,  gr. 
v.-xv.  As  diuretic,  H.,  3  ss.-i.;  D.,  gr.  x.-xxx. 
Occurs  as  whitish,  opaque,  crystalline  masses,  or 
transparent,  colorless  six-sided  prisms,  having  a 
sharp,  cooling,  saline  taste,  permanent  in  air,  and 
soluble  in  three  and  one-half  parts  of  cold  water. 

Potassii  Cliloras,  potassium  chlorate.  Dose:  H., 
3i.-iv. ;  D.,  gr.  v.-xv.  Occurs  as  colorless  rhom- 
boidal  plates,  having  a  saline  cooling  taste,  and  solu- 
ble in  sixteen  parts  of  cold  water ;  prepared  by  rapidly 
passing  chlorine  gas  through  a  strong  solution  of  po- 
tassium carbonate  and  calcium  hydrate. 

Potassii  Permanganas,  potassium  permanganate. 
Small,  dark-brown,  needle-shaped  or  prismatic  crys- 
tals, soluble  in  sixteen  parts  of  cold  water,  making  a 
deep-red  solution. 

Potassii  Iodidu7n.—See  under  "Iodides." 

Potassii  Bromidum.—See  under  "Bromides." 


54  veterinary  materia  medtca. 

Physiological  Action  of  Potassium  and  Its 
Salts. — Caustic  potash  dissolves  albumin,  saponi- 
fies fats  and  destroys  tissues,  by  combining  with 
their  water.  The  potassium  salts  promote  tissue 
waste ;  small  doses  promote  the  formation  of  gastric 
juice  if  given  on  an  empty  stomach,  but  large  doses 
act  chemically  and  retard  digestion  by  neutralizing 
the  free  acids. 

The  carbonate  and  bicarbonate,  if  given  on  an 
empty  stomach,  enter  the  blood  unchanged,  combine 
with  the  neutral  phosphate  of  sodium  contained 
therein,  converting  it  into  an  acid  phosphate,  so  that 
when  eliminated  by  the  kidneys  the  urine  is  more 
acid.  If,  however,  they  have  been  given  on  a 
full  stomach,  they  are  decomposed  before  entering 
the  blood,  and  the  urine  is  therefore  now  more 
alkaline. 

The  acetate  is  absorbed  in  its  own  form,  is  decom- 
posed in  the  blood,  makes  the  blood  and  urine  more 
alkaline,  and  acts  as  a  diuretic,  increasing  both  the 
water  as  well  as  the  solids  of  the  urine,  but  decreas- 
ing the  amount  of  uric  acid  by  increasing  oxidation. 
The  nitrate  and  chlorate  are  absorbed  and  eliminated 
in  their  own  form,  the  nitrate  being  a  powerful  diu- 
retic, febrifuge,  and  alterative;  externally  applied,  it 
is  stimulant  and  refrigerant.  The  chlorate  is  anti- 
septic, alterative,  sialagogue,  and  diuretic;  exter- 
nally, antiseptic,  refrigerant,  and  mildly  stimulant. 
Large  doses  of  the  chlorate  are  very  irritant  to  the 
kidnej^s,  and  may  produce  albuminuria.  All  the  po- 
tassium salts  in  large  doses  are  cardiac  poisons,  mus- 


AGENTS    PR0M0TIXC4    WASTE.  55 

cle  paralyzers,  poisonous  to  protoi^lasm,  and  hinder 
the  ozonizing  function  of  the  blood.  The  perman- 
ganate is  antiseptic,  deodorant,  and  mildl}-  astrin- 
gent. 

Poisoning  by  Caustic  Alkalies. —Give  vinegar  or 
acetic  acid;  then  demulcents  and  oils  to  protect  the 
mucous  membranes;  support  the  vital  poAvers. 

Therapeutics. — Liquor  potassse  as  a  caustic  to 
eradicate  warts,  fungous  growths,  to  poisoned 
wounds.  Its  excessive  action  may  be  rapidly  checked 
by  bathing  the  part  with  dilute  acetic  acid.  It 
should  be  used  only  with  great  care. 

Rheumatism — the  carbonate,  bicarbonate,  and  ni- 
trate, to  saturate  the  blood  and  render  the  urine  more 
alkaline. 

Acidity  of  stomach  and  atonic  dyspepsia — the  car- 
bonate or  bicarbonate,  before  feeding. 

Ulcerative  stomatitis,  aphtha— the  chlorate  as  a 
wash ;  also  in  catarrhal  affections ;  in  follicular  phar- 
yngitis, sore  throat,  and  diphtheritic  affections,  com- 
bined with  tinctura  ferri  chloridi. 

The  carbonate  and  bicarbonate  are  used  for  the  relief 
of  phosphatic  deposits  and  calculi  in  dogs.  Exter- 
nally as  stimulants  and  to  soften  and  remove  thick- 
ened skin ;  to  relieve  the  itching  of  certain  skin  dis- 
eases. The  carbonate  is  usually  employed  as  a  wash 
before  giving  treatment  for  mange. 

The  nitrate  promotes  bronchial,  cutaneous,  and  uri- 
nary secretions;  it  is  an  excellent  febrifuge  and  diu- 
retic. Frequently  used  externally  with  ammonia 
muriate,  alcohol,  and  water  as  a  cooling  lotion.    A  fa- 


56  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

vorite  diuretic  bolns  is  composed  of  potassium  nitrate 
3SS.,  soap  3i.,  resin  3  ss.,  Venice  turpentine  3  ss. 
For  sore  throat  a  bolus  of  the  nitrate  5  ss.,  extract  of 
belladonna  3ss.,  camphor  3i.,  or  the  same  made 
up  into  an  electuary  with  powdered  slippery  elm  bark 
and  syrup.  This  last  has  been  found  serviceable 
in  bronchitis,  pharyngitis,  and  laryngitis.  Together 
with  tincture  of  aconite  the  nitrate  is  considered  the 
best  treatment  for  Laminitis  by  many  practitioners. 
The  acetate  produces  slight  diuresis,  helps  to  reduce 
temperature,  alkalinifies  the  blood  and  urine,  is  given 
in  inflammations  to  promote  the  excretion  of  result- 
ing products,  also  in  irritability  of  the  kidneys  and 
bladder. 

The  permanganate  destroys  bacteria,  is  used  in  so- 
lution (  3  i.-iij.  to  aqua  Oi.)  as  a  disinfectant  and  de- 
odorant wash  for  foul  wounds,  sores;  for  washing 
the  hands  after  dissections  and  post-mortem,  etc.,  in 
weak  solution.  It  has  been  found  to  be  the  best  anti- 
dote for  morphine  or  opium  poisoning.  Doses  of 
from  gr.  x.  to  xxx.  are  recommended  for  the  horse  in 
septicaemia. 

Sodium. 

Sodium  occurs  in  combination  naturally  in  large 
quantit}^  in  sea  water,  marine  plants,  etc. ;  also  as 
rock  salt,  as  borax,  and  in  the  Chili  nitre  beds. 

Chief  Preparations.— /SocZr/  Carhonas,  sodium 
carbonate,  "  washing  soda."  Sodii  Bicarboiias,  so- 
dium bicarbonate,  "baking  soda,"  "soda  salaeratus." 
Sodii  Cldoridiim,    sodium    chloride,   common  salt. 


AGENTS   PROMOTING    WASTE.  f)*? 

Sodii  Boras,  borate  or  biborate  of  sodium,  borax. 
Sodii  Sulphas — sodium  sulphate,  Glauber's  salt. 
For  sodium  sulphite  and  sodium  hyposulphite,  see 
under  Sulphur  and  Sulphites. 

The  physiological  actions  of  the  sodium  scdts 
are  similar  to  those  of  potassium  salts,  but  they  are 
not  so  alkaline,  not  so  depressant,  nor  are  they  such 
powerful  cardiac  and  nerve  poisons  as  the  potassium 
salts. 

The  Sodium  Carbonate  and  Bicarbonate  are  ant- 
acids and  alteratives.  Dose:  H.,  3i.-iv.;  D.,  gr. 
v.-xxx. 

Sodium  Chloride. — Small  doses  are  restorative, 
stomachic,  and  antiseptic;  larger  doses  irritant,  ca- 
thartic, and  emetic ;  externally  stimulant,  refrigerant, 
and  antiseptic.  Dose:  H.,  lb.  ss.-i.  (on  this  animal 
its  action  as  a  purgative  is  uncertain  and  irritant) ; 
cattle,  lb.  ss.-i.;  sheep,  3  i.-iij.  (is  more  adapted  for 
these  animals  than  for  the  horse) . 

Sodium  Borate. — Antiseptic,  parasiticide,  slightly 
astringent,  and  alkaline.  Dose  same  as  that  of  the 
bicarbonate. 

Glauber's  >SaZ^.— Cathartic,  cholagogue,  febrifuge, 
and  slightly  diuretic.  Has  very  low  diffusive  power, 
impedes  absorption  of  fluids  in  the  intestinal  canal, 
but  increases  the  amount  of  intestinal  secretion  and 
stimulates  peristalsis;  produces  an  increase  in  the 
quantity  of  bile  secreted  by  its  direct  action  upon  the 
hepatic  cells.  As  a  cathartic  it  is  slow  in  operation, 
generally  requiring  from  twenty  to  twenty-four  hours, 
and   is    more    suitable   for    cattle    than  for   horses. 


§S  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

Dose:  H.,  lb.  ss.-i. ;  cattle,  lb.  ss.-iss.  It  is  usually 
combined  with  ginger,  capsicum,  or  other  stom- 
achics. 

Thereapeutics  of  the  Carbonates. — Small 
doses  increase  secretion  of  gastric  juice,  and  are  used 
in  indigestion,  flatulence,  acidity  of  the  stomach, 
atonic  dyspepsia,  and  rheumatism.  A  solution  of 
the  bicarbonate  is  applied  frequently  to  burns,  as  an 
injection  in  simple  leucorrhoea,  and  to  relieve  the 
irritation  of  urticaria  and  other  skin  eruptions. 

Therapeutics  of  the  Borate. — Ulcerative  con- 
ditions of  the  mouth,  aphtha.  To  relieve  the  irrita- 
tion of  eczema  and  other  skin  diseases  it  is  applied 
locally  in  aqueous  solution.  A  weak  solution  is  used 
to  dissolve  the  gummy  substance  from  the  eyelids  in 
purulent  conjunctivitis;  also  as  an  eye  lotion.  Com- 
bined with  thymol,  carbolic  acid,  and  eucalj^ptol  as 
a  spra}^  or  gargle  in  ulcerated  sore  throat  and  catar- 
rhal conditions  of  the  respiratory  mucous  membranes. 
The  appended  formula  of  Dr.  Carl  Seller's  solution, 
which  is  a  similar  preparation,  can  be  obtained  in 
the  form  of  compressed  tablets : 


Sodium  bicarbonate, 

Sodium  biborate,      .... 

.  aa  3  ij. 

Sodium  benzoate, 

Sodium  salicylate,    .... 

.  aa  gr.  ij. 

Eucal3'ptol,  menthol,  and  thymol,  . 

.  aa  gr.  i. 

Oil  of  wintergreen, 

gtt.  ij 

Alcohol 

3  ij. 

Glycerine 

I  iiss. 

Distilled  wate,          .        .    enough  to 

make    Oi. 

AGEJTTS   PROMOTING   WASTE.  59 

Therapeutics  of  the  Chloride.— As  a  purga- 
tive for  cattle  and  sheep,  small  repeated  doses  are  stom- 
achic ;  given  together  with  gentian  and  ginger  in  in- 
digestion and  irregular  appetite;  injections  of  two  or 
three  ounces  to  one  pint  of  water  per  rectum  to  carry 
away  ascarides.  A  five-  to  ten-per-cent.  solution  as 
an  antiseptic  and  stimulant  gargle  in  relaxed  and  ul- 
cerated sore  throat.  Salt-water  baths  are  stimulant 
to  the  skin.  An  excellent  cooling  lotion  may  be  pre- 
pared from  salt,  saltpetre,  and  muriate  of  ammonia, 
of  each  two  ounces,  dissolved  in  one  quart  of  water. 
As  an  emetic  for  the  dog,  one  to  four  drachms  dis- 
solved in  warm  water. 

Calcium. 

Calcium  is  one  of  the  alkaline  earths.  Carbonate  of 
lime  or  chalk  is  the  source  from  which  most  of  the 
calcium  salts  are  prepared.  Calcium  oxide,  calx, 
lime,  quicklime,  CaO,  prepared  by  burning  lime- 
stone, marble,  chalk,  or  other  form  of  calcium  car- 
bonate, is  a  powerful  irritant,  and  in  its  own  form  is 
but  seldom  given  internally. 

Chief  Preparations.  —  Liquor  Calcis,  Aqua 
Calcis^  lime  water.  Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  iv.-v. ;  D., 
fl.  3  i.-iv. 

Calcii  Carhonas  Proecipitatus,  precipitated 
chalk,  calcium  carbonate.  Dose:  H.,  3  i.-ij. ;  D., 
gr.  v.-xx. 

Calcii  Phosphas  PrcBcipitatus^  precipitated 
phosphate  of  calcium.  Dose:  H.,  3ij.-iv. ;  D., 
gr.  i.-x. 


60  veteriis:ary  materia  medica. 

Calx  Chlorata,  chloriDated  lime,  or  bleaching 
powder  (misnamed  chloride  of  lime).  Dose:  H., 
3  i.-ij. ;  D.,  gr,  ij.-v.,  in  cold  gruel  or  water. 

For  Calx  Sulphurata,  see  under  Sulphur. 

Physiological  Action  and  Therapeutics. — 
The  calcium  salts  and  preparations  are  feebly  alka- 
line, astringent,  and  antacid.  The  liquor  calcis  is  ir- 
ritant, astringent  by  contact,  antacid,  and  sedative, 
and  is  given  in  indigestion  and  diarrhoea  of  all  pa- 
tients, especially  in  young  animals  when  there  is  a 
tendency  to  acidity  of  the  stomach.  As  an  antidote 
for  poisoning  by  the  mineral  acids,  by  carbolic  acid, 
and  by  oxalic  acid.  In  bronchial  filarise  in  calves 
and  sheep,  sometimes  combined  with  turpentine. 
Enemata  of  aqua  calcis  to  destroy  ascarides.  A  most 
excellent  application  to  scalds  and  burns  is  "  carron 
oil  "  (equal  volumes  of  liquor  calcis  and  linseed  oil). 
A  spray  of  aqua  calcis  has  been  found  serviceable  in 
diphtheria  and  croup.  Lime  in  solution,  i.e.,  as 
"whitewash,"  is  used  for  deodorizing  and  cleansing 
stables,  etc.  It  is  customary  to  add  carbolic  acid  or 
other  disinfectant  to  whitewash  to  render  it  more 
effective  for  this  purpose.  Chalk,  which  is  the  usual 
cause  of  hardness  of  water,  is  used  for  the  same  pur- 
poses as  the  aqua  calcis.  The  calcium  phosphate, 
which  is  an  essential  ingredient  of  all  animal  tissues, 
combines  the  actions  of  calcium  and  phosphorus,  and 
is  essentially  a  restorative;  it  increases  the  alkalinity 
of  the  blood,  increases  the  power  of  that  tissue  to 
hold  CO2,  diminishes  the  excretion  of  urea,  and  is 
very  serviceable  in  chronic  diarrhoea,  anaemia,  and 


AGENTS   PROMOTING   WASTE.  61 

other  forms  of  malnutrition,  especially  in  3'oung 
animals.  It  is  also  employed  in  caries,  protracted 
suppuration,  osteomalacia,  rachitis,  and  scrofular 
disorders.  Chlorinated  lime,  which  is  a  powerful 
bleaching  agent,  is  irritant, .  stimulant,  astringent, 
antiseptic,  and  alterative ;  it  is  used  mostly  externally. 
Toxic  doses  produce  local  irritation,  difficult  breathing, 
acceleration  of  the  pulse,  weeping  eyes,  an  abundant 
secretion  of  urine  having  a  white  sediment  and  a 
slight  odor  of  chlorine,  and  in  dogs  vomiting. 

Externally  it  is  used  as  a  stimulant,  antiseptic,  de- 
odorant, disinfectant,  and  parasiticide.  Has  been 
found  serviceable  by  some  practitioners  in  tympanites 
in  horses,  hoven  in  cattle,  is  applied  externally  to  un- 
healthy wounds,  for  destroying  the  fungus  of  ring- 
worm, and  the  parasites  of  mange  and  grease.  As  a 
disinfectant  and  deodorizer  for  stables,  etc.,  it  is  very 
efficient. 

Ammonium. 

Liquor  Ammonice  fortior.  Aqua  Ammonice  for- 
tius, concentrated  ammonia,  caustic  ammonia, 
stronger  water  of  ammonia.  Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  i.-ij. ; 
D.,  m  v.-x.  (should  be  given  well  diluted).  A  color- 
less liquid,  pungent,  caustic,  of  a  very  strong  suffo- 
cating odor ;  strong  alkaline  reaction ;  specific  grav- 
ity, 0.891.  Contains  about  twenty-eight  per  cent, 
of  gaseous  ammonia  (NH3)  in  solution. 

Liquor  Ammonice,  Aqua  AmmoniCB,  water  of 
ammonia.  Hartshorn  spirit.  A  diluted  solution  of 
the  concentrated  ammonia,  containing  about  ten  per 


62  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

cent,  of  gaseous  ammonia.  Has  specific  gravity 
0.959,  and  is  prej)ared  by  mixing  one  part  of  concen- 
trated ammonia  with  two  of  water,  by  volume.  Dose : 
H.,  fl.  Siij.-vi.;  D.,  "ni  xv.-xxx. 

Spiritus  Ammonii  Aromaticus^  aromatic  spirit  of 
ammonia  (ammonium  carbonate;  water  of  ammo- 
nia; oils  of  lemon,  lavender,  pimento;  alcohol  and 
water).     Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  ij.-viij. ;  D.,  Til  x.-xxx. 

Liquor  Ammonii  Acetatis,  solution  of  acetate 
of  ammonia,  Mindererus  spirit  (dilute  acetic  acid 
neutralized  by  addition  of  ammonium  carbonate). 
Dose :  H.,  fl.  s  ij.-iv. ;  D.,  fl.  3  ij.-iv. 

Ammonii  Carhonas^  carbonate  of  ammonia, 
Hartshorn  salt.  Dose:  H.,  3  ij.-iv. ;  D.,  gr.  iij.- 
viij. 

Ammonii  Murias,  Ammonii  Chloridum,  muri- 
ate or  chloride  of  ammonium,  sal  ammoniac.  Dose : 
H.,   3ij.'-iv.;  D.,  gr.  iij.-viij. 

Linimentum  Ammonice,  ammonia  liniment, 
Hartshorn  liniment  (aqua  ammonise  30,  cottonseed 
oil  70). 

For  Ammonium  Bromide,  see  under  Bromides. 

Physiological  Action. — Liquor  ammonise  if 
used  locally  causes  considerable  irritation,  abstracts 
water  from  the  tissues,  dissolves  the  epithelial 
scales,  liquefies  their  albumin,  and  saponifies  their 
fats — therefore  acting  as  a  caustic.  Full  doses  given 
internally  stimulate  the  spinal  cord,  motor  nerves, 
and  muscles,  are  said  to  produce  tetanic  convul- 
sions, and  finally  paralyze  the  cord.  Suffocation  may 
be  brought  about  by  large  quantities  of  the  gas  en- 


AGENTS    PROMOTING    WASTE.  63 

tering  the  air  passages.  Large  concentrated  doses 
given  internally  will  cause  violent  gastro-enteritis 
and  paralj'-sis  of  the  brain  centres  from  absorption. 
Medicinal  doses  stimulate  the  vasomotor  centre  by 
reflex  action  and  raise  blood  pressure.  After  absorp- 
tion there  is  direct  stimulation  of  the  respiratory  and 
circulatory  nerve  centres  and  promotion  of  the  secre- 
tions of  skin  and  mucous  surfaces.  It  is  given  inter- 
nally as  an  antacid,  a  diffusible  stimulant,  antispas- 
modic, and  stimulant  expectorant;  externally  as  a 
stimulant,  counter-irritant,  and  vesicant. 

Antidotes  for  poisoning  by  liquor  ammonise  are 
vinegar  and  dilute  acids  with  diluents  and  demul- 
cents. 

Spiritus  ammonisB  aromaticus  conjoins  the  proper- 
ties of  its  constituents  (ammonium  carbonate  and 
water  of  ammonia) . 

Ammonium  carbonate  is  more  permanent  in  its  ef- 
fects than  the  liquor  ammonise,  but  not  quite  so  pow- 
erful. It  is  a  good  antacid,  and  diffusible  stimulant; 
small  doses  promote  secretion  of  gastric  juice,  larger 
doses  relieve  flatulence  and  spasm.  It  is  a  good  car- 
diac and  respiratory  stimulant,  and  promotes  bron- 
chial secretion  and  expectoration.  Toxic  doses  are 
irritant,  cause  primary  stimulation  and  secondary 
paralysis  of  the  cord  and  motor  centres. 

Ammonium  chloride  is  a  stimulant  to  the  alimen- 
tary and  respiratory  mucous  membranes  in  moderate 
doses,  promoting  their  secretions.  It  has  marked 
cholagogue  powers  and  promotes  excretion  of  urea. 
Externally  it  makes  a  very  serviceable  cooling  lotion. 


G4  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

Solution  of  acetate  of  ammonia  is  not  so  powerful 
in  action  as  either  the  liquor  or  the  carbonate,  but  is 
a  good  diaphoretic,  antipyretic,  a  mild  diuretic,  and 
expectorant. 

Therapeutics.  —  Liquor  Ammonice :  Indiges- 
tion, tympanites,  spasmodic  colic,  in  ruminants  espe- 
cially; influenza,  pneumonia,  bronchial  disorders, 
poisoned  bites  and  stings.  Antidote  against  poison- 
ing by  opium,  aconite,  and  digitalis.  Externally  as 
counter-irritant  (ammonia  liniment)  to  rheumatic 
swellings  of  joints  and  muscles;  sore  throat. 

Ammonium  Ccu^bonate:  Atonic  dyspepsia  of  all 
animals,  acidity  of  the  stomach,  to  relieve  flatulence 
and  spasm;  in  influenza,  scarlatina;  in  bronchial  dis- 
orders and  pneumonia,  especially  at  crisis  to  liquefy 
the  products  of  inflammation  and  counteract  defi- 
ciency of  vital  powers,  and  whenever  a  prompt  stim- 
ulant is  required. 

Ammonium  Chloride:  In  bronchial  and  gastric 
catarrh  in  all  animals,  especially  after  the  more  acute 
symptoms  have  subsided ;  torpidity  of  the  liver,  ca- 
tarrh of  the  bile  ducts  and  its  jaundice;  duodenal 
and  intestinal  catarrhs;  locally  in  solution  to  inflam- 
mations, bruises,  and  sprains. 

Vegetable  Acids. 

Of  these  but  one  is  used  in  veterinary  practice, 
namely,  the  acetic. 

Acidiim  Aceticum  Purum,  U.  S.  P.,  pure  acetic 
acid,  containing  thirty-six  per  cent,   absolute  acetic 


AGENTS   PROMOTING    WASTE.  65 

acid,  and  sixty-four  per  cent,  water.  Dose:  H., 
fl.  3i.-ij.;  D.,  m  ij.-v. 

Acidiim  Aceticum  Dilutum,  dilute  acetic  acid, 
containing  six  per  cent,  absolute  acid  and  ninety- 
four  per  cent,  water. 

Acetum,  vinegar,  an  impure  dilute  acetic  acid, 
prepared  b}'  acetous  fermentation  of  wine,  cider,  or 
other  fruit  juice. 

Pure  acetic  acid  is  a  colorless,  strongly  acid  liquid, 
having  a  pungent  odor,  and  is  prepared  by  the  de- 
structive distillation  of  wood  or  sawdust;  the  con- 
densed products  separate  into  two  layers — the  lower 
one  wood-tar;  the  upper,  a  two-  to  four-per-cent.  solu- 
tion of  p3^roligneous  or  impure  acetic  acid,  together 
with  wood  alcohol,  acetone,  and  other  allied  bodies. 
Sodium  carbonate  is  now  added,  the  volatile  hydro- 
carbons distilled  off,  and  the  remaining  liquid  evapo- 
rated down — which  leaves  sodium  acetate.  This  in 
turn  is  further  decomposed  by  sulphuric  acid,  and 
again  distilled,  thus  forming  acetic  acid.  Acetic  acid 
dissolves  resins,  camphor,  volatile  oils,  and  many  al- 
kaloids, and  unites  with  bases  to  form  acetates.  Ace- 
tum  or  vinegar  may  also  be  prepared  by  the  destruc- 
tive distillation  of  wood,  but  usually  is  obtained 
from  the  oxidation  of  impure  alcohols  by  exposing 
them  to  the  air  at  about  80°  F.  while  in  contact  with 
a  ferment.  For  this  purpose  the  poorer  grades  of 
wine,  also  cider,  are  used. 

Physiological  Action. — Acetic  acid  is  corro- 
sive, irritant,  and  vesicant,  and  is  seldom  used  inter- 
nally, except  in  combination.  Externally,  diluted, 
5 


G6  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

usiiall}^  in  the  form  of  vinegar,  as  a  stimulant  and 
refrigerant.  It  forms  salts  in  the  stomach,  enters  the 
blood,  when  it  becomes  oxidized,  producing  carbonic 
acid,  increasing  the  acidity  of  the  urine  in  its  excre- 
tion, at  the  same  time  also  increasing  the  amount  of 
water  in  the  urine.  Secretion  in  general  is  promoted 
by  small  doses,  but  its  long-continued  use  causes  in- 
digestion, emaciation,  and  poverty  of  the  blood. 
Eubbed  briskly  into  the  skin  it  causes  redness;  if 
continued  it  forms  blisters  resembling  those  produced 
by  scalding  water.  It  is  applied  to  remove  warts, 
scurf,  to  destroy  cryptogamic  parasites  and  acari; 
well  diluted  in  mallenders,  sallenders,  scab,  and 
mange.  The  diluted  acid  or  vinegar  combined  with 
salt  or  sal-ammoniac,  to  contusions,  sprains;  dilute 
vinegar  for  sponging  the  skin  of  febrile  patients,  and 
to  check  excessive  perspiration.  Also  as  a  test  for 
albumin  in  urine. 

Sulphur,  Sulphites,  Sulphides. 

Sulphur  Lotum,  U.  S.  P.,  washed  sulphur;  Sul- 
phus  PrcBcipitatum,  U.  S.  P.,  lac  sulphur,  milk  of 
sulphur,  precipitated  sulphur.  Both  of  these  are 
preparationsof  sublimed  sulphur.  Dose:  As  laxative, 
H.,  3i.-iv.;  C,  3  iij.-vi. ;  D.,  3  i.-iv. ;  as  altera- 
tive, H.,    3SS.-ij.;  C,    3ij.-iv.;D.,    3  ss.-ij. 

Bodii  Sulphis,  sodium  sulphite;  Sodil  Hypo- 
sid phis,  sodium  hyposulphite.  Dose:  H.  and  C, 
3ss.-i. ;  D.,  gr.  x.-xl. 

Calx  Sulphiirata,  sulphurated  lime,  so-called  sul- 


AGENTS    PROMOTIX(i    AVASTE.  07 

phide  of  calcium.     Dose:  H.  and  C,  gr.  x.-xl. ;  D., 
gr.  iV-iJ. 

Sulphur,  commonly  called  "brimstone;"  sj'mbol,  S; 
atomic  weight,  32;  quantivalence,  2,  4,  and  6;  is  a 
non-metallic  element,  distinguished  by  its  yellow  color 
and  crystalline  properties.  It  is  one  of  the  acid  ele- 
ments, and  unites  with  O  to  form  the  most  powerful 
acid  radicals.  It  is  almost  tasteless,  insoluble  in  cold 
water  or  alcohol,  but  soluble  in  benzol,  carbon  bisul- 
phide, fixed  and  volatile  oils.  It  is  completely  vola- 
tilized by  beat,  burns  with  a  pale  blue  flame,  and 
gives  off  strong  suffocating  fumes  of  sulphurous  an- 
hydride while  burning.  It  is  found  in  many  animal 
substances  as  sulphates,  in  many  mineral  waters  as 
hydrogen  sulphide,  in  certain  volatile  vegetable  oils, 
in  the  pyrites  or  metallic  sulphides;  also  as  native 
sulphur  in  blue  clay  beds  in  Sicily  and  Italy.  Sub- 
limed sulphur  is  prepared  by  distilling  the  crude  sul- 
phur and  allowing  its  vapor  to  condense  as  a  fine  yel- 
low powder,  in  large  chambers  or  receptacles  built  for 
that  purpose. 

Sulphur  Lotum,  a  fine  lemon-yellow  powder,  odor- 
less and  almost  tasteless,  insoluble  in  water  or  alcohol, 
is  prepared  by  digesting  for  three  days  12  parts  of 
sublimed  sulphur  with  a  mixture  of  water  12  parts, 
and  water  of  ammonia  1  part.  After  occasional  agi- 
tation for  three  days  the  whole  mixture  is  strained 
through  muslin,  and  the  residue  washed  with  water 
until  the  liquid  running  from  the  strainer  no  longer 
produces  a  precipitate  with  test  solution  of  chloride  of 
barium. 


68  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

Sulphur  PrcBcipitatiim,  a  very  fine,  yellowish- 
white,  amorphous  powder,  odorless  and  almost  taste- 
less, insoluble  in  water  or  alcohol,  is  prepared  by  boil- 
ing together  subUmed  sulphur  100  parts,  slaked  lime 
50  parts,  water  1,450  parts,  which  forms  calcium 
sulphide  and  hyposulphite.  When  the  mixture  has 
cooled  it  is  filtered;  to  the  filtered  liquid  is  added  a 
mixture  of  equal  volumes  of  HCl  and  water  until 
almost  neutral,  when  the  sulphur  is  thrown  down 
as  a  fine  precipitate,  which  after  being  thoroughly 
washed  is  dried  by  gentle  heat. 

Sodii  SidjMs,  transparent,  colorless,  monocHnic 
prisms,  efflorescent  in  dry  air,  odorless,  having  a 
cooling,  saline,  and  sulphurous  taste  and  a  neutral 
or  feebly  alkaline  reaction ;  soluble  in  4  parts  cold 
water,  in  0.0  part  of  boiling  water,  almost  insoluble 
in  alcohol.  It  is  prepared  by  passing  sulphurous  acid 
gas  through  a  solution  of  sodium  carbonate,  thus 
precipitating  crystals  of  acid  sulphite  of  sodium; 
this  is  further  saturated  with  sodium  carbonate  and 
rendered  alkaline  in  reaction. 

Sodii  Hyposulpliis,  large,  transparent,  colorless 
monoclinic  prisms  or  plates,  efflorescent  in  dry  air, 
odorless,  having  a  cooling,  somewhat  bitter  and  sul- 
phurous taste,  neutral  or  feebly  alkaline  reaction,  in- 
soluble in  alcohol,  soluble  in  1.5  parts  cold  water, 
partly  decomposed  by  boiling  water.  Must  be  kept 
in  well-stoppered  bottles.  It  is  prepared  by  dissolv- 
ing sulphur  in  a  boiling  solution  of  sodium  sulphite 
and  crystallizing. 

Calx  Siilphurata,  a  grayish- white  powder,  altered 


AGENTS    PROMOTING    WASTE.  60 

by  exposure  to  air,  having  a  foul,  sulphurous  odor,  an 
offensive  alkaline  taste,  alkaline  reaction,  slightly 
soluble  in  water,  insoluble  in  alcohol,  is  prepared  by 
exposing  in  a  crucible  for  one  hour  at  a  low  red  heat 
a  mixture  of  lime  100  parts  and  precipitated  sulphur 
90  parts.  The  finished  product  should  contain  not  less 
than  thirty-six  per  cent,  of  absolute  calcium  sul- 
phide. 

Physiological  Action. — Sulphur  is  an  altera- 
tive, a  mild  laxative,  a  stimulant  to  the  intestinal  mu- 
cous membranes,  a  disinfectant  and  deodorizer,  espe- 
cially in  the  form  of  sulphurous  acid.  Being  soluble 
in  alkaline  solutions  it  is  partly  absorbed  in  the  small 
intestine  and  stimulates  its  mucous  membrane.  It  is 
excreted  mainly  by  the  fseces,  but  also  by  the  urine 
as  sulphates,  by  the  skin  and  respiratory  apparatus, 
and  as  it  comnjunicates  a  disagreeable  odor  and  taste 
to  the  meat,  must  not  be  administered  to  animals 
used  for  food  for  some  time  prior  to  slaughtering. 
Sulphites,  sulphides,  and  hyposulphites  are  in  part 
decomposed  by  the  acid  secretion  of  the  stomach, 
partly  converted  into  sulphates,  are  absorbed  and  are 
eliminated  chiefly  by  the  kidneys.  If  their  adminis- 
tration is  continued  for  a  longer  period  they  impair 
digestion,  impoverish  the  blood,  cause  ansemia  and 
emaciation.  The  sulphites  and  hyposulphites  have 
great  powder  to  diminish  the  effects  of  animal  poisons, 
and  are  used  as  febrifuges,  antiseptics,  antacids,  and 
carminatives. 

Therapeutics.— Sulphur  as  a  laxative,  especially 
during  pregnancy  and  in  convalescence  from  acute 


70  YETERIXARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

diseases;  also  in  rheumatism  and  in  lead-poisoning; 
as  an  ingredient  of  many  alterative  and  condition 
powders;  locall}-  in  eczema,  scab,  mange,  and  grease 
— as  carbolized  sulphur  ointment.  As  a  disinfectant 
and  deodorizer  it  is  burned  to  allow  its  vapor  to 
saturate  the  air  of  stables,  cowsheds,  and  kennels. 
Sulphites  and  hyposulphites — to  relieve  flatulence 
and  acidity  in  calves  and  foals,  and  in  contagious 
pleuro-pneumonia  in  cattle  as  internal  antiseptics. 
In  distemper  in  dogs  and  cats;  also  in  septicaemia 
and  pyaemia  of  all  animals;  in  foot-and-mouth  dis- 
ease in  cattle. 

Calcium  sulphide,  so-called,  is  used  to  prevent  and 
limit  pus  formation.  In  crops  of  boils,  scrofulous 
sores,  glandular  enlargements,  or  extensive  suppura- 
tion it  is  very  efficient,  especially  if  given  in  small, 
repeated  doses.  ' 


ALTERATIVES. 

Iodine  and  Iodides. 

lodum,  iodine,  is  a  non-metallic  element;  symbol, 
I;  atomic  weight,  127;  quantivalence,  1.  It  occurs 
in  most  marine  plants,  in  sea  water,  cod-liver  oil,  also 
as  mineral  iodides  and  iodates.  In  its  crude  form  it 
appears  as  bluish -black  rhombic  plates,  having  a 
metallic  lustre,  peculiar  odor,  acrid  taste,  and  neutral 
reaction.  Sparingly  soluble  in  water,  very  soluble  in 
ether,  in  12  parts  of  alcohol,  and  in  solutions  of  KI 
and  salt. 


ALTERATIVES.  71 

Pkeparations  of  loBmE.—Iocliim,  iodine  (in 
bolus,  but  rarely  given  in  this  form).  Dose:  H.  and 
C,  gr.  x.-xxx. ;  D.,  gr.  ij.-vi. 

Liquor  lodi  Compositus,  compound  solution  of 
iodine,  Lugol's  solution  (always  well  diluted).  Dose : 
H.  and  C,  fid  3  ss-iv. ;  D.,  m  i.-x.  (Composed  of 
iodine  5,  potassium  iodide  10,  water  85.) 

Tinctura  lodi,  tincture  of  iodine,  eight  per  cent. 
Dose:  H.  and  C,  fl.  3  i.-iv. ;  D.,  m  i.-v. 

Unguentum  lodi,  iodine  ointment.  Used  locally 
only.  (Composed  of  iodine  4,  potassium  iodide  1, 
water  2,  lard  93.) 

Ferri  lodidum  and  Syrupus  Ferri  lodidi. — See 
under  Ferrum. 

Potassii  lodidum,  iodide  of  potassium,  color- 
less, translucent,  cubical  crystals,  slightly  deliques- 
cent, having  a  peculiar,  faint  odor,  a  pungent,  saline, 
afterward  somewhat  bitter  taste,  and  a  neutral  reac- 
tion; soluble  in  0.8  part  of  water  and  in  18  parts  of 
alcohol. 

Sodii  lodidum,  iodide  of  sodium,  minute  white  or 
colorless,  monoclinic  crystals,  or  a  crystalline  pow- 
der, deliquescent  on  exposure  to  air,  odorless,  having 
a  saline  and  slightly  bitter  taste  and  a  neutral  or 
faintly  alkaline  reaction.  Soluble  in  0.6  part  water 
and  in  1.8  parts  alcohol. 

Ammonii  lodidum,  iodide  of  ammonium,  a  white 
granular  salt  or  minute  crystalline  cubes,  very  deli- 
quescent, and  soon  becoming  discolored  on  expo- 
sure to  air;  odorless  when  white,  but  emitting  a 
slight  odor  of  iodine  when  colored,  having  a  sharp 


72  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

saline  taste  and  a  neutral  reaction.     Soluble  in  1  part 
of  water  and  in  9  parts  of  alcohol. 

These  iodides  should  all  be  kept  in  well-stoppered 
glass  bottles.  Dose  of  either  of  them  :  H.,  3i.-iv.; 
C,   3ij.-vi.;  D.,  gr.  iij.-x. 

Unguentum  Potassii  lodidi,  ointment  of  iodide 
of  potassium.     Twelve  per  cent. ;  for  local  use  only. 

lodoformum,  Iodoform  (iodide  of  formyl). 
Shining,  lemon-yellow  cr3'stals,  having  a  most  disa- 
greeable persistent  odor,  insoluble  in  cold  water,  but 
soluble  in  80  parts  of  alcohol,  in  5.2  parts  ether,  and 
in  chloroform,  benzol,  benzin,  carbon  disulphide,  and 
fixed  or  volatile  oils.  Its  solutions  have  a  neutral  re- 
action. It  contains  about  ninety  per  cent,  of  iodine, 
and  its  odor  may  be  disguised  by  balsam  of  Peru  or 
oil  of  mirbane.  Dose:  H.  and  C,  3  ss.-i. ;  D.,  gr. 
iij.-viij. 

Unguentum  lodofoinni,  ointment  of  iodoform, 
U.  S.  P.     Ten  per  cent;  for  local  use  only. 

lodolum,  lodol  (tetra-iodo-pyrol) ,  a  grayish-yel- 
low powder,  tasteless  and  odorless,  containing  from 
eighty-five  to  ninety  per  cent,  of  iodine.  Readily 
soluble  in  ether,  in  hot  alcohol,  and  in  chloroform. 
Used  as  a  substitute  for  iodoform.  Dose :  H.,  3  ss-i. ; 
D.,  gr.  i.-iij.  It  is  a  good  form  of  iodine  for  inter- 
nal medication,  as  it  is  practically  non-irritant. 

Other  preparations  of  iodine,  all  for  local  use, 
are: 

lodo-Tannin,  a  solution  of  tannin  in  tincture  of 
iodine. 

lodo-Phenyl,  iodized  phenol,  or  carbolized  iodine, 


ALTERATIVES.  73 

a  mixture  of  carbolic  acid    and   iodine   in   various 
proportions. 

GUjcerinum  Tannini  lodo-Carbolizati,  glycerite 
of  iodo-carbolate  of  tannin,  a  mixture  containing  car- 
bolic acid,  iodine,  tannin,  and  glycerin. 

Bismuthi  Suhiodidum,  subiodide  of  bismuth.  See 
under  Bismuthum. 

Physiological  Action.— Iodine  is  an  irritant, 
stains  the  skin  yellow,  and  if  used  in  concentrated 
form  may  blister.  It  is  also  a  disinfectant,  deodo- 
rizer, and  antiseptic,  and  is  eliminated  chiefly  by  the 
kidneys,  the  skin,  the  bronchial  mucous  membranes, 
and  the  salivary  glands.  If  administered  for  too  long 
a  time  it  produces  poisoning,  the  animal  shuns  water, 
appears  drowsy,  has  increased  temperature,  quick 
feeble  pulse,  temporary  impotence,  and  great  depres- 
sion. The  best  and  most  efficient  antidote  is  starch, 
which  is  to  be  followed  by  evacuents.  The  iodides 
all  are  very  soluble,  very  diffusible,  and  are  rapidly 
excreted.  Iodine  and  ozone  are  set  free  at  the  points 
of  elimination,  and  thus  they  cause  considerable  irri- 
tation at  these  parts,  especially  if  large  doses  have 
been  given.  They  also  occasion  a  profuse  mucous 
discharge,  soreness  of  throat  and  eyes,  as  well  as  irri- 
tation to  the  kidneys. 

Both  iodine  and  iodides  induce  great  waste  and 
rapid  elimination  of  waste  products,  but  if  used  for 
too  long  a  time  cause  anaemia,  emaciation,  and  great 
depression.  They  are  classed  as  alteratives,  resol- 
vents, and  absorbents.  Iodoform,  on  account  of  the 
iodine  it  contains,  is  a  good  antiseptic  and  somewhat 


74  YETElUXAllY    MATERIA    MEDIC  A. 

of  a  local  ansesthetic.  Small  doses  given  internally 
are  tonic  and  alterative.  lodol  has  the  same  action 
as  iodoform,  but  is  odorless,  non-irritant,  and  prac- 
tically non-poisonous  to  veterinary  patients.  It  is 
readily  soluble  in  the  gastric  juice;  hence  is  rapidly 
absorbed  and  quickly  diffused  through  the  system. 

Therapeutics  of  Iodine. — Catarrh  and  chronic 
nasal  discharges  are  effectually  treated  with  inhala- 
tions of  iodine,  with  or  without  carbolic  acid.  In- 
flammations of  joints,  rheumatic  or  otherwise — the 
tincture  locally.  Ringworm — the  iodophenol  with 
glycerin  locall}'.  Glandular  tumors — parenchyma- 
tous injections  of  Lugol's  solution  or  tincture. 
Bronchial  filari^ — the  same,  with  or  without  turpen- 
tine, intratracheally.  Enlarged  glands,  sores,  ul- 
cers, etc.,  are  painted  with  the  tincture  or  rubbed 
with  the  ointment.  Diabetes  insipidus,  polyuria — 
small  doses  internally.  To  absorb  products  of  in- 
flammation in  sore  throat  and  bronchitis  and  to  pre- 
vent adhesions;  to  assist  in  absorbing  bony  deposits 
both  internally  and  externally,  with  or  without  mer- 
cury. Externally,  as  a  stimulant  and  resolvent  to 
bursal  enlargements,  in  chronic  synovitis,  muscular 
pains,  strains  of  tendons,  induration  of  the  udder. 
When  internally  administered,  give  one  and  one-half 
to  two  hours  after  feeding,  and  discontinue  its  use  for 
one  week  when  it  has  been  regularly  given  for  from 
eight  to  ten  days. 

Therapeutics  of  the  Iodides. — Acute  catarrh, 
asthma,  short  wind,  thick  wind  —  the  potassium 
iodide,    with    Fowler's     solution    and    belladonna. 


ALTERATIVES.  75 

Chronic  and  capillar}-  bronchitis — ammonium  iodide, 
in  small,  frequently  repeated  doses.  Catarrhal  pneu- 
monia— ammonium  iodide  and  arsenic,  to  prevent 
caseation  of  the  inflammatory  products.  They  may 
be  used  to  promote  absorption  of  waste  products,  as 
in  lymphangitis,  pleuritic  or  other  serous  effusions, 
enlarged  glands,  duodenal  catarrh,  bronchitis,  pneu- 
monia, chronic  cough,  actinomycosis  in  cattle,  pur- 
pura hemorrhagica,  rheumatic  affections  (with  col- 
chicum),  chronic  lead  and  mercurial  poisoning. 

Therapeutics  of  Iodoform  and  Iodol. — 
Chronic  gastric  and  intestinal  catarrh — iodol  between 
feeding-times.  Bronchitis  and  bronchial  catarrh — 
iodol  and  senega.  To  foul  wounds,  ulcers,  sores,  etc. 
— iodoform ;  also  made  into  suitable  suppositories  and 
introduced  into  fistulse,  the  rectum,  and  genito-urin- 
ar}-  organs  as  antiseptics.  To  open  joints,  one  of  the 
best  applications  is  equal  parts  of  iodoform  and  pow- 
dered alum.  Diabetes  insipidus  has  been  successfully 
treated  with  both  iodoform  and  iodol — preferably  the 
latter. 

Hydrargyrum — Mercury. 

Symbol,  Hg;  atomic  weight,  200;  quantivalence, 
2  and  4 ;  sometimes  called  "  quicksilver  "  because  of 
its  extreme  motility  and  metallic  lustre.  It  is  the 
only  known  liquid  element,  and  its  most  common 
source  is  as  a  sulphide,  from  which  it  is  obtained  by 
heat  to  drive  off  the  sulphur  and  Hg  distils  over. 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum  CoiTOsivum  (HgCL). — 
Corrosive  chloride   of  mercury,    mercuric   chloride. 


76  VETERINAllY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

corrosive  sublimate,  bichloride  of  mercury.  Heavy, 
colorless,  rhombic  crystals  or  crystalline  masses,  per- 
manent in  the  air,  odorless,  having  an  acrid  and 
persistent  metallic  taste,  acid  reaction,  soluble  in  16 
parts  of  water,  in  3  parts  of  alcohol,  and  in  4  parts  of 
ether.  Its  solubility  in  water  is  increased  by  the  ad- 
dition of  an  equal  weight  of  ammonium  or  sodium 
chloride.  Four  grains  are  neutralized  by  the  white 
of  one  egg.  It  is  incompatible  with  most  substances, 
and  therefore  is  best  given  alone.  Dose:  H.  and  C, 
gr.  v.-viij.;  D.,  gr.  -^V-i- 

Actions  and  Uses. — Alterative,  caustic,  corro- 
sive, and  irritant  poison;  antiseptic,  antiphlogistic, 
astringent,  parasiticide.  Its  best  antidote  is  the 
white  of  eggs.  It  is  used  in  glanders,  farcy,  chronic 
skin  eruptions,  oedematous  swellings  of  the  legs 
resulting  from  weed;  promotes  the  absorption  of 
exudates.  Small  repeated  doses  for  slimy  bloody  dys- 
entery in  cattle.  Externally  to  open  joint  as  it  coagu- 
lates albumin ;  also  to  indolent  sores  as  yellow  wash 
(3ss.  to  aqua  calcis  Oi.).  Concentrated  solutions 
injected  into  the  pipes  of  quittor,  fistulse;  charges 
of  from  fifteen  to  thirty  grains,  with  or  without 
arsenic,  to  slough  out  tumors  which  cannot  well  be 
removed  by  the  knife.  Solutions  of  1  : 1,000  or  2,000 
as  antiseptic  to  wounds,  as  dressing  in  foot-rot  of 
sheep,  to  destroy  lice,  ringworm,  and  to  allay  itching 
of  the  skin. 

Unguentum  Hydrargyria  mercurial  ointment 
(fifty  per  cent.) ;  commonly  known  as  blue  oint- 
ment.    Applied  as  a  stimulant  for  indolent  sores, 


ALTERATIVES.  77 

ulcers,  chronic  and  glandular  swellings,  mange,  scab, 
scurvy  skin  diseases;  for  the  latter  usually  combined 
with  tar  and  sulphur.  Used  also  to  destroy  lice. 
Must  be  used  with  care,  especially  if  applied  over  a 
large  area,  as  mercurial  poisoning  might  result  from 
absorption. 

Unguentum  Hijdrargyri  Ammoniati,  ointment  of 
ammoniated  mercury  or  white  precipitate  ointment 
(ten  per  cent.),  is  used  as  a  parasiticide  in  various 
forms  of  eczema,  chronic  inflammation  of  the  joints, 
and  conjunctivitis. 

Oleatum  Hydrargijri  (ten  to  twenty  percent.); 
yellow  oxide  mercury  10,  oleic  acid  90,  U.  S.  P.' 
Used  for  same  purposes  as  the  ointment,  but  is  prob- 
ably more  easily  absorbed ;  if  for  painful  exostoses, 
combine  with  morphine. 

Hydrargyrum  cum  Greta,  gray  powder,  mercury 
with  chalk  (triturate  thoroughly  1  part  mercury 
with  chalk  2  parts,  U.  S.  P.).  Used  as  antacid,  lax- 
ative, and  alterative.  For  calves  or  foals,  in  diarrhoea 
or  bilious  indigestion,  five  to  fifteen  grains  on  the 
tongue, or  with  gruel  and  ginger  or  other  aromatic 
stomachics.     Dose  D.,  gr.  ss.-x. 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum  Mite,  mild  chloride  of 
mercury,  mercurous  chloride,  subchloride  of  mer- 
cury, calomel,  aquila  alba— Hg.Cl,— a  white,  impal- 
pable powder,  permanent  in  the  air,  odorless  and 
tasteless,  insoluble  in  water,  ether,  or  alcohol.  It  is 
blackened  when  brought  in  contact  with  water  of 
ammonia. 
Actions  AxND  Uses.— Irritant,  stimulant,  altera- 


78  YETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

tive,  antiseptic,  antiphlogistic,  emetic,  for  dogs  and 
pigs.  In  passing  out  of  the  body  calomel  stimulates 
the  various  excretory  channels,  thereby  acting  as  a 
cholagogue,  cathartic,  diuretic,  diaphoretic,  and  sial- 
agogue.  Applied  externally  as  stimulant,  desiccant, 
mild  astringent,  and  antiseptic.  It  is  given  at  the 
onset  of  acute  diseases  in  the  horse;  in  gastric  fever 
with  opium ;  in  indigestion  and  diarrhoea  of  young 
animals ;  in  rheumatism  in  horses  and  cattle,  with  qui- 
nine and  salicylic  acid ;  in  jaundice,  chronic  liver  trou- 
bles ;  in  congested  liver  with  aloes.  Has  been  given  in 
glanders  and  chronic  skin  affections.  Like  all  mercu- 
rials it  controls  inflammation  and  promotes  absorption 
of  waste  by  stimulating  the  lymphatics.  Applied 
externally  to  indolent  sores  and  wounds ;  also  as  black 
wash  (  3  i.  to  aqua  calcis  Oi.).  Dose:  As  alterative, 
H.,  3i.-3i.;  C,  3i.-3i. ;  D.,  gr.  ij.-iij.  As  ca- 
thartic, H.,  3ss.-i.,  with  aloes,  3  v.-vi. ;  C, 
3  i.-ij.,  with  Epsom  salt,  lb.  i. ;  D.,  gr.  iij.-v.,  with 
powdered  jalap,  gr.  xx.-xl.  As  emetic  for  the  dog 
and  pig,  two  to  three  grains  with  same  amount  of 
tartar  emetic.  Has  also  some  vermifuge  effect  on 
both  the  horse  and  dog,  but  is  seldom  given  alone  for 
that  purpose. 

Hijdrargijri  lodidum  Rubrum,  red  iodide  of  mer- 
cury, biniodide  of  mercury,  mercuric  iodide  (HglJ — 
a  scarlet-red  crystalline  powder,  permanent  in  the 
air,  odorless  and  tasteless,  almost  insoluble  in  water, 
soluble  in  130  parts  of  alcohol,  in  solution  of  iodide 
of  potassium,  and  in  solution  of  mercuric  chloride. 

Action  and  Uses. — Biniodide  of  mercury  is  an 


ALTERATIVES.  79 

irritant  similar  to  the  mercuric  chloride,  but  is  more 
rapidly  absorbed  and  more  rapidly  eliminated.  It  is 
used  externall}^  as  an  antiseptic,  stimulant,  counter- 
irritant,  and  absorbent;  generally  as  an  ointment 
with  lard,  vaseline,  or  other  base,  from  eight  to  six- 
teen per  cent.,  with  or  without  cantharides.  The 
"  red  ointment "  is  used  for  reducing  and  condensing 
splints,  ringbones,  spavins,  and  other  bony  exostoses. 
It  penetrates  deeply  and  arrests  chronic  inflamma- 
tion; aids  in  the  absorption  of  chronic  enlargements, 
indurated,  strained  tendons,  bursse,  and  joints. 
Stronger  absorbent  effects  may  be  produced  by  com- 
bining it  with  iodine.  Strong  red  ointment  must  be 
carefully  used,  as  it  causes  considerable  sloughing  of 
the  tissues  and  sometimes  a  permanent  blemish. 
Again,  when  applied  over  a  large  surface,  there  may 
be  caused  acute  mercurial  poisoning  through  absorp- 
tion. Symptoms  of  "mercurialism  "  are  salivation, 
spongy  gums,  fetid  breath,  loosening  of  the  teeth, 
bluish  line  along  margins  of  teeth,  muscular  pains, 
fever,  diarrhoea,  marked  anaemia,  and  albuminuria, 

CoLCHicuM — Meadow  Saffron. 

Colchici  Eadix,  the  corm  or  root  of  colchicum 
autumnale;  Colchici  Semen,  the  seed  of  colchicum 
autumnale.  Colchicum,  or  meadow  saffron,  belongs 
to  the  natural  order  Melanthacese,  and  contains  an 
alkaloid,  colchicine,  tannic  and  gallic  acids,  sugar, 
starch,  and  a  resin.  The  seed  gives  the  most  reliable 
preparations,  and  is  subgiobular  in  shape,  about  one- 
twelfth  of  an  inch  thick,  slightly  pointed  at  the  hi- 


80  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

Inm ;  reddish-brown,  pitted,  internally  whitish,  very 
hard  and  tough,  bitter  and  somewhat  acrid.  The 
root  or  corm  is  about  one  inch  long,  ovoid,  flattish, 
and  with  a  groove  on  one  side,  externally  brown  and 
^vrinkled,  internally  white  and  solid ;  often  in  trans- 
verse slices,  reniform  in  shape,  and  breaking  with 
a  short  mealy  fracture;  odorless;  taste,  sweetish- 
bitter  and  acrid. 

Chief  Preparations.— CoZc/n'cz  Seminis  Pulvis, 
powdered  colchicum  seed;  Colchici  Radicis  Pulvis, 
powdered  colchicum  root.  Dose:  H.,  3i.-ij.;  D., 
gr.  i.-v. 

Extractum  Colchici  Seminis  Fluidum,  fluid  ex^ 
tract  of  colchicum  seed.  Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  i.-iv. ;  D., 
3ij.-xv.  ^ 

Co/c/i^cma,  colchicine.     Dose:  H.,  gr.  i.-v.;  D., 

Action  and  Uses.— Emetic  in  large  doses;  gas- 
tro-intestinal  irritant  and  colicky  drastic  purgative. 
In  moderate  doses,  diaphoretic,  diuretic,  and  cardiac 
depressant  while  small  doses  decrease  the  amount 
of  sweat  and  urine.  Arterial  tension  is  lowered  and 
the  heart  is  depressed  by  reflex  action.  Moderate 
doses  increase  the  excretion  of  salts  by  the  kidneys, 
especially  of  urea,  and  stimulate  the  flow  of  bile.  It 
is  used  in  constitutional  ophthalmia,  in  rheumatism 
in  the  subacute  or  chronic  form  only,  usually  with 
salol  or  potassium  iodide.  In  azoturea  with  potas- 
sium acetate  or  lithium  citrate.  In  acute  cerebral 
congestion  and  in  ascites,  full  doses  with  opium  and 
strophanthus. 


ASTRIN^GENTS.  81 

ASTRINGENTS. 

Tannic  and  Gallic  Acids. 

Preparations. — Acidum  Tannicum,  tannic  acid, 
gallotannic  acid,  tannin— Cj,H,,Og.  Light  yellow- 
ish scales,  permanent  in  the  air,  having  a  faint, 
peculiar  odor,  a  strongly  astringent  taste,  and  acid 
reaction.  Soluble  in  6  parts  of  water,  in  0.6  part 
alcohol,  in  G  parts  glycerin ;  almost  insoluble  in  ether 
and  chloroform.  It  is  incompatible  with  alkaloids 
and  preparations  of  iron.  Dose:  H.,  3  ss.-ij. ;  D., 
gr.  ij.-x. 

Olycerinum  Acidi  Tannici,  glycerine  of  tannin. 
Twenty  per  cent,  strong ;  for  local  use  only. 

Unguentum  Acidi  Tannici,  ointment  of  tannic 
acid.     For  local  use  only ;  made  ten  per  cent,  strong. 

Acidum  Gcdlicum,  gallic  acid— HC,H,0,.H,0. 
A  nearly  or  quite  colorless  solid,  crystallizing  from 
water  in  long,  silky  needles  or  triclinic  prisms;  per- 
manent in  the  air,  odorless,  having  an  astringent 
and  slightly  acidulous  taste  and  acid  reaction.  Sol- 
uble in  100  parts  water,  in  4.5  parts  alcohol,  in  39 
parts  absolute  ether,  but  only  slightly  soluble  in  chlo- 
roform.    Dose  same  as  tannic  acid. 

Differences  between  Tannic  cind  Gallic  Acids. 
—Tannin  precipitates  alkaloids,  gelatin,  albumen, 
gelatinized  starch,  and  tartar  emetic,  while  gallic 
acid  does  not,  but  when  taken  into  the  stomach  is 
first  converted  into  gallic  acid  before  absorption. 
6 


83  VETEEINAEY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

The  tannin  when  oxidized  being  clianged  into  gallic 
acid  makes  the  difference  between  them  seem  simply 
that  of  oxidation,  while  if  tannin  is  considered  to  be 
gallic  acid  anhydride,  it  would  be  a  matter  of  hydra- 
tion. Gallic  acid  may  be  prepared  from  tannin  by 
the  action  of  dilute  sulphuric  acid,  but  is  usually  ob- 
tained from  nutgalls  after  exposure  to  artificial  heat 
for  a  period  of  one  month.  Tannic  acid  is  also  ob- 
tained from  nutgalls. 

Other  vegetable  astringents  depending  on  tannic 
or  gallic  acid  for  their  therapeutical  value  are : 

Galla,  nutgall,  the  gall  of  Quercus  lusitanica, 
caused  by  the  punctures  and  deposited  ova  of  a  cer- 
tain insect.  They  are  subglobular  in  shape,  about 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  somewhat  tu- 
berculated  above,  otherwise  smooth,  heavy,  and  hard ; 
sometimes  showing  a  circular  hole  near  the  middle, 
communicating  with  the  central  cavity;  blackish 
olive-green  or  grayish;  fracture  granular,  grayish. 
In  the  centre  a  cavity  containing  either  the  partly 
developed  insect,  or  pulverulent  remains  of  it.  Nearly 
inodorous,  taste  strongly  astringent.  Contains  tan- 
nin, sixty  to  seventy  per  cent. ;  gallic  acid,  three  per 
cent. ;  besides  pectin,  sugar,  starch,  etc.  Dose  of  the 
powdered  galls  twice  that  of  tannic  acid. 

Hamamelis,  witch-hazel,  the  leaves  of  Hamamelis 
virginica  (Linne)  of  the  natural  order  Hamamelacese, 
collected  in  autumn.  Contains  about  eight  per  cent, 
of  tannic  acid,  and  a  bitter  principle;  it  is  best  known 
as  the  household  preparation.  Pond's  extract  or  ex- 
tract of  witch-hazel.    . 


ASTRINGENTS.  83 

Quercus  Alhce  Cortex^  white-oak  bark.  Contains 
quercitannic  acid,  quercin,  but  no  gallic  acid. 

Catechu,  kutch,  cutch,  a  dry  extract  from  the 
wood  of  Acacia  catechu,  natural  order  Leguminosse, 
a  stout,  climbing  shrub  from  the  islands  of  the  Indian 
archipelago.  Contains  catechu-tannic  and  catechuic 
acids.     Dose:  H.,   3i.-iij.;  D.,  gr.  v.-xxx. 

Tinctura  Catechu  Composita,  U.  S.  P.  (catechu 
12,  cinnamon  8,  dilute  alcohol  to  make  100  parts  of 
finished  tincture) .  Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  ss.-iij. ;  D.,tt[xx.- 
fl.3i3. 

Kino,  a  gum  resin  obtained  from  the  juice  of 
Pterocarpus  marsupium,  natural  order  Leguminosse, 
very  similar  to  catechu.  Contains  kinotannic  acid, 
kinoin.     Dose  same  as  of  catechu. 

Physiological  Action.  —  Tannic  and  gallic 
acids,  although  similar  in  action  as  well  as  appear- 
ance and  properties,  differ  in  the  degree  of  their  ac- 
tion, tannin  being  the  more  powerful  astringent  of 
the  two.  They  are  both  antiseptic,  and  their  contin- 
ued use  disorders  digestion,  irritates  mucous  sur- 
faces, and  causes  emaciation.  Tannin  enters  the 
blood  as  gaUic  and  pyrogallic  acids,  which  change 
takes  place  in  the  stomach;  precipitates  pepsin  and 
coagulates  albumin;  checks  peristalsis  and  causes 
constipation.  For  these  reasons  gallic  acid  is  prefer- 
able to  tannin  for  internal  use.  Tannin,  however, 
should  be  used  when  an  antidote  for  alkaloid al  poi- 
soning is  required,  since  it  forms  practically  insoluble 
compounds  with  most  of  the  alkaloids  as  well  as  with 
tartar  emetic.     Catechu  and  kino  are  among  the  best 


84  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

of  the  vegetable  astringents,  and  are  used  to  check 
chronic  mucous  discharges  from  the  throat  and  aH- 
mentary  canal.  Hamamelis  is  said  to  have  especial 
value  in  che(^king  venous  hemorrhages. 

Therapeutics. — Tannic  and  gallic  acids  are  useful 
in  hematuria,  albuminuria,  hemorrhages  from  the 
lower  bowel,  catarrhal  affections  of  mucous  surfaces; 
also  locally  to  ulcers,  eczema,  impetigo,  intertrigo, 
and  otorrhcBa.  Kino  and  catechu  are  very  service- 
able in  diarrhoea  and  dysentery,  and  the  former  is  ap- 
plied locally  in  powder  form  as  a  styptic.  Corneal 
ulcers  are  successfully  treated  with  a  weak  solution  of 
tannin ;  also  conjunctivitis  after  the  acute  symptoms 
have  yielded  to  other  treatment.  A  decoction  of  oak 
bark  is  frequently  used  as  a  stimulant,  antiseptic, 
and  astringent  injection  to  check  inordinate  dis- 
charges from  the  geni to-urinary  organs. 

Argentum — Silver. 

Chief  Preparation  employed  in  veterinary  prac- 
tice is : 

Argenti  Nitras,  nitrate  of  silver,  lapis  infernalis; 
Argenti  Nitras  Fusus,  lunar  caustic,  fused  nitrate 
of  silver.  Nitrate  of  silver — AgNOg — is  found  in 
commerce  as  colorless,  transparent,  tabular,  rhombic 
crystals,  becoming  gray  or  grayish-black  on  exposure 
to  light  in  presence  of  organic  matter ;  odorless,  hav- 
ing a  bitter,  caustic,  and  strongly  metallic  taste  and 
neutral  reaction.  Sohible  in  0.8  part  of  water  and 
in  26  parts  of  alcohol.     It  should  be  kept  in  dark-col- 


astrinttExts.  85 

orecl  glass  bottles  and  protected  from  the  light.  The 
fused  nitrate  of  silver  is  prepared  by  melting  AgNOj 
at  a  low  temperature,  treating  with  HCl,  and  pouring 
the  melted  mass  into  suitable  moulds.  Nitrate  of  sil- 
ver is  incompatible  with  organic  matter,  soluble  chlo- 
rides, most  mineral  acids  and  their  salts,  alkalies  and 
their  carbonates,  lime-water,  and  astringent  infu- 
sions. It  is  always  best  given  dissolved  in  distilled 
water.     Dose:  H.,  gr.  ij.-x. ;  D.,  gr.  i~^. 

Physiological  Action.  —  Externally,  irritant, 
corrosive,  caustic,  astringent,  antiseptic;  internally, 
astringent  and  nerve  tonic.  Its  continued  internal 
administration  produces  gasto-intestinal  catarrh, 
ursemia,  albuminuria,  emaciation,  fatty  degeneration 
of  heart,  liver,  and  kidneys,  hemorrhages,  impaired 
nerve  functions,  and  death  by  paralysis  of  respira- 
tory centres.  A  single  large  dose  causes  violent  gas- 
tro-enteritis  and  ulceration  of  the  stomach.  A  course 
of  silver  treatment  should  not  exceed  four  or  five 
weeks,  and  must  be  followed  by  purgatives  and  diure- 
tics to  assist  in  its  elimination,  else  silver  poisoning 
may  result. 

Therapeutics.— Chronic  nerve  troubles  of  dogs, 
such  as  chronic  paralysis,  epilepsy,  chorea;  chronic 
spinal  affections  causing  locomotor  ataxia  or  para- 
plegia. In  diarrhoea  and  dysentery  with  or  without 
opium,  especially  if  chronic ;  also  in  chronic  gastritis. 
In  purpura  in  the  horse  it  should  find  universal  use. 
Locally  to  destroy  fungoid  growths,  warts,  to  stimu- 
late indolent  wounds  and  ulcers,  to  slough  out  fistu- 
IsB,  as  in  quittor.     In  solution  to  foot-rot  of  sheep 


SG  VETERIKARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

and  cattle;  in  erysipelas  to  edges  of  affected  part;  in 
conjunctivitis,  inflamed  and  suppurating  eyelids 
(gr.  ss.  to  fl.  3  i.  of  distilled  water) ;  to  remove  specks 
and  opacity  of  cornea  if  of  recent  origin  and  due  to 
injury.  (Must  be  carefully  used  on  the  eye,  else  it 
/eave  opacities  due  to  deposits  of  the  metal.)  Its 
aqueous  solution  as  a  spray  in  treatment  of  laryngeal 
ulcers,  follicular  tonsillitis,  and  pharyngitis^ 

Cuprum — Copper. 

Chief  Preparations.  —  Citpo  Acetas,  acetate 
of  copper,  verdigris,  ^rugo  —  Cu(C2H30j2-H,0; 
199.2.  Deep  green,  prismatic  crystals,  yielding  a 
bright  green  powder,  efflorescent  on  exposure  to  air, 
odorless,  having  a  nauseating,  metallic  taste  and 
acid  reaction.  Soluble  in  15  parts  of  water  and  in 
135  parts  of  alcohol.    Dose :  H.,   3  i.-ij. ;  D.,  gr.  ^-2. 

Cupi^i  Sulphas,  sulphate  of  copper,  blue  vitriol— 
CuS0,.5H,0;  249.2.  Large,  translucent,  deep-blue, 
triclinic  crystals,  efflorescent,  odorless,  having  a  nau- 
seating metallic  taste  and  acid  reaction.  Soluble  in 
2.6  parts  of  water  and  insoluble  in  alcohol.  Dose 
same  as  of  the  acetate. 

Treatment  of  Copper  Poisoning.— The  best  anti- 
dote to  the  salts  of  copper  are  the  ferrocyanide  of  po- 
tassium and  albumen.  Emetics  and  stomach-pump 
if  practicable ;  then  follow  with  a  course  of  potassium 
iodide  to  assist  in  its  elimination. 

Physiological  Action.— Given  internally,  large 
doses  produce  fatal    gastro-enteritis  and   diarrhoea; 


ASTRINGEN-TS.  87 

repeated  full  doses  cause  colicky  pains  and  chronic 
intestinal  irritation.  Medicinal  doses  act  as  a  tonic, 
antiseptic,  astringent,  and  vermifuge.  It  is  a  prompt 
emetic  for  the  dog.  Applied  externally  as  a  stimu- 
lant, astringent,  antiseptic,  and  caustic  to  foul 
wounds,  sores,  ulcers,  fistulse,  farcy  buds,  exuberant 
granulations,  and  to  check  superficial  hemorrhage. 
Given  internally  in  farcy,  glanders,  purpura,  chronic 
diarrhoea  and  dj'sentery,  nasal  gleet,  and  as  a  nerve 
tonic  in  dogs  suffering  from  chorea  and  epilepsy. 

Plumbum — Lead. 

Chief  Preparations. — Plumhi  Acetcis,  acetate 
of  lead,  sugar  of  lead— Pb(C,H30,),.3H,0;  378.5. 
Colorless,  shining,  transparent,  prismatic  crystals  or 
scales,  efflorescent,  and  attracting  carbonic  acid  on 
exposure  to  air,  having  a  faintly  acetous  odor, 
a  sweetish,  astringent,  afterward  metallic  taste  and 
faintly  acid  reaction.  Soluble  in  1.8  parts  of  water 
and  in  8  parts  of  alcohol.  Dose :  H.,  3  ss.-i. ;  D.,  gr. 
i.-iij. 

Liquor  Plumhi  Subacetatis,  acetum  plumbi,  solu- 
tion of  subacetate  of  lead,  Goulard's  extract.  Pre- 
pared by  boiling  together  for  a  half-hour  lead  ace- 
tate 17,  lead  oxide  12,  and  distilled  water  to  make 
100  parts;  to  be  filtered  when  cool.  This  forms  a 
perfectly  clear  alkaline  liquid,  which,  however,  some- 
times becomes  turbid  on  standing. 

Liquor  Plumhi  Suhacetaiis  Dilutus,  aqua  plumbi, 
diluted  solution  of  subacetate  of  lead,  lead  water 
(Goulard's  extract  3,  water  97). 


S8  TKTERIXARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

Liquor  PUtmbi et  Opiiy  solution  of  load  and  opium. 
A  local  sedative,  anodyne,  and  astringvur  application 
(Goulard's   extract     3ss.,    laudanum    siss.,    water 

3  xiT.). 

Chronic  lead-poisoning  produces  a  bluish  line  along 
the  margins  of  the  gums,  an  unsteady  gait,  swellings 
around  the  articulations  (with  beat  or  tenderness), 
impaired  sensibility,  difficult  breathing,  in  some  ani- 
mals constipation,  in  others  diarrhoea  with  colicky 
pains.  It  is  best  treated  with  sodium  iodide  to  satura- 
tion. The  antidotes  for  acute  lead-poisoning  are  Ep- 
som salt  or  Glauber  salt;  the  stomach-pump  if  prac- 
ticable; albuminous  drenches  and  henbane  or  opium 
to  reheve  irritability. 

Physiological  Actiox. — Lead  salts  are  astrin- 
gent and  styptic  if  given  internally;  externally, 
astringent,  mildly  antiseptic,  anodyne,  and  slightly 
stimulate  to  absorption  of  deposits  of  inflammatory 
products. 

Therapeutics. — In  eczema,  erythema  and  im- 
petigo, combined  with  glycerin,  carbolic  acid,  and 
water.  To  bums,  the  carron  oil  with  Goulard's  ex- 
tract or  Goulard's  extract  and  linseed  oil.  To  sprains 
and  strains,  also  painful  swellings,  the  liquor  plumbi 
et  opii ;  catarrhal  discharges  of  muco-purulent  charac- 
ter; to  wounds  and  abrasions.  In  internal  hemor- 
rhages, the  acetate;  the  same  with  or  without  opium 
in  diarrhcea  and  dysentery.  Should  not  be  applied 
to  the  eye,  as  it  may  leave  a  deposit  which  is  difficult 
to  remove. 


ASTRINGENTS.  89 


ZiNCUM — Zinc. 

Chief  Preparations. — Zinci  Acetas,  acetate  of 
zinc.  Soft,  white,  micaceous  or  pearly,  six-sided  tab- 
lets or  scales,  somewhat  efflorescent  in  dry  air,  hav- 
ing a  faintly  acetous  odor,  a  sharp,  metallic  taste,  and 
a  slightly  acid  reaction.  Soluble  in  3  parts  of  water 
and  in  30  parts  of  alcohol.  Is  emploj^ed  mostly  ex- 
ternall3^   Dose,  same  as  of  the  sulphate. 

Zinci  Carbonas,  carbonate  of  zinc.  A  white,  im- 
palpable powder,  permanent  in  air,  odorless,  tasteless, 
insoluble  in  water  or  alcohol.  Dose:  H.,  3  ij.-iv. ; 
D.,  gr.  ij.-vi. 

Zinci  ChlorHdum,  chloride  of  zinc.  A  white,  crys- 
talline powder,  or  white,  opaque  pieces,  very  deli- 
quescent, having  a  very  caustic,  saline,  and  metallic 
taste  and  acid  reaction.  Soluble  in  both  alcohol  and 
water.  It  should  be  kept  in  small  glass-stoppered 
bottles.     It  is  used  externally  only. 

Zinci  Oxidum^  zinc  oxide.  A  soft,  pale-yellow- 
ish, or  nearly  white  powder,  permanent  in  air,  odor- 
less, tasteless,  insoluble  in  water  or  alcohol.  Dose 
same  as  of  the  carbonate. 

Zinci  Sulphas,  sulphate  of  zinc,  white  vitriol. 
Small,  colorless,  right  rhombic  prisms  or  acicular 
needles,  slowh'  efflorescing  in  dry  air,  having  a  sharp, 
saline,  nauseous,  and  metallic  taste  and  acid  reac- 
tion; soluble  in  0.6  part  of  water,  insoluble  in  alco- 
hol. Dose:  H.,  3  ss.-ij. ;  D.,  gr.  i.-iij.  (as an  emetic 
in  water,  gr.  viij.-xv.). 


90  VETERIN"ARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

Physiological  Actions. — The  zinc  salts  are  mild 
astringents,  being  not  so  powerful  as  the  correspond- 
ing salts  of  lead,  and  do  not  exhibit  the  tendency  to 
accumulate  in  the  system  which  is  peculiar  to  most 
metallic  salts.  The  acetate,  chloride,  and  sulphate 
are  known  as  the  "soluble  zinc  salts,"  and  if  given  in 
overdoses  will  cause  violent  gastro-enteritis.  The 
acetate  given  internally  is  a  nerve  tonic  and  emetic ; 
externall}^,  stimulant  and  astringent.  It  is  formed  in 
the  well-known  "white  wash"  (plumbi  acetici,  zinci 
sulphuric!,  aa  3  i. ;  aquse,  Oi.).  The  chloride,  inter- 
nally, is  a  powerful  irritant  poison;  externally,  anti- 
septic, astringent,  stimulant,  and  caustic.  Employed 
also  as  disinfectant  and  deodorizer,  and  is  known  by 
many  as  "zinc  butter."  The  sulphate,  internally,  as 
a  tonic,  but  is  inferior  to  iron.  As  an  internal  astrin- 
gent it  is  more  powerful  than  the  lead  or  silver  salts; 
also  used  as  an  emetic.  Externally,  stimulant,  astrin- 
gent, and  antiseptic. 

The  oxide  and  carbonate  are  mild  astringents,  pro- 
tectives,  and  desiccants.  The  long-continued  use  of 
the  salts  of  zinc  may  at  times  produce  symptoms  re- 
sembling those  of  lead-poisoning,  but  not  so  severe, 
and  yielding  more  rapidly  to  the  usual  treatment. 

Therapeutics. — To  inflamed  and  catarrhal  condi- 
tions of  mucous  membranes,  weak  solutions  of  the 
acetate  or  sulphate.  In  conjunctivitis,  a  collyrium 
of  the  acetate  or  sulphate,  with  or  without  atropine 
(grs.  i.-iv.  of  the  zinc  salts  to  the  ounce  of  distilled 
water).  To  relieve  the  tenderness  and  itching  of  skin 
diseases,  the  oxide  or  carbonate  made  into  an  oint- 


ASTRINGENTS.  91 

ment  with  tar  and  vaseline ;  diarrhoea  and  dysentery, 
the  sulphate  together  with  opium ;  chorea,  if  recent, 
in  the  dog,  the  sulphate;  if  chronic,  the  iron  salts  are 
preferable.  A  solution  of  the  sulphate  with  a  small 
amount  of  sulphuric  acid  may  be  used  to  check  local 
hemorrhage,  excessive  perspiration,  or  mucous  dis- 
charge. To  wounds,  sores,  ulcers — the  white  wash 
or  the  sulphate  in  solution.  The  chloride  as  a  caus- 
tic to  poisoned  wounds,  unhealthy  granulations,  foot- 
rot  in  sheep;  as  a  wound  dressing,  two  to  three  per 
cent.  Epilepsy — the  oxide  in  small  doses.  As  a 
prompt  and  efficient  emetic  in  narcotic  poisoning,  the 
sulphate  dissolved  in  warm  water. 

Alumen — Alum. 

The  alums  are  a  series  of  compounds  of  aluminum 
with  a  sulphate  of  an  alkaline  metal  or  group  (potas- 
sium, sodium,  or  ammonium).  The  official  prepara- 
tion is  the  potassium-alum  or  potassic-aluminic 
sulphate,  and  is  a  combination  of  the  sulphate  of 
aluminum  with  the  sulphate  of  potassium;  it  is 
therefore  called  a  double  sulphate. 

Preparations. — Alumen,  alum,  potassium  alum. 
Occurs  as  large,  colorless,  octahedral  crj^stals,  some- 
times modified  by  cubes,  acquiring  a  whitish  coating 
on  exposure  to  air,  odorless,  having  a  sweetish,  astrin- 
gent taste,  and  an  acid  reaction.  Soluble  in  10.5 
parts  of  water,  insoluble  in  alcohol.  When  gradually 
heated  it  gives  off  twenty-four  molecules  of  water, 
and  becomes  dried  alum.  Dose:  H.,  3ij.-iv. ;  D., 
gr.  x.-xx. 


92  VETERTXARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

Alumen  Exsiccatum,  Alumen  Ustum,  dried  alum. 
A  white  granular  powder,  attracting  moisture  when 
exposed  to  the  air,  odorless,  having  a  sweetish,  astrin- 
gent taste,  and  slowly  but  entirely  soluble  in  20  parts 
of  water. 

Incompatihles  are  salts  of  iron,  manganese,  bis- 
muth, antimony,  lead,  and  salts  of  most  of  the  alka- 
loids; it  is  therefore  best  given  alone. 

Physiological  Actions.— Alum  is  a  very  mild 
caustic,  a  good  astringent,  but  is  not  so  active  as  the 
copper  and  zinc  salts.  It  stimulates  muscular  con- 
traction, coagulates  albumin,  at  first  excites  the  flow 
of  saliva,  and  then  greatly  diminishes  it.  Having 
the  power  to  coagulate  and  precipitate  pepsin,  it  ar- 
rests digestion,  stops  peristalsis,  and  usually  causes 
constipation.  Large  repeated  doses  act  as  a  violent 
gastro-intestinal  irritant  and  frequently  cause  diar- 
rhoea. Weak  solutions  coagulate  albumin,  but  enter 
the  blood,  constrict  the  capillaries,  check  secretions, 
especially  those  of  mucous  surfaces,  and  arrest  capil- 
lary hemorrhages.  Alum  is  also  given  as  an  emetic, 
is  very  efficient,  and  leaves  no  depressant  after-effects. 

Therapeutics.— Small  doses  are  serviceable  in 
gastric  catarrh  and  to  check  hemorrhage  at  distant 
points.  Leucorrhoea  and  gonorrhoea  are  satisfactor- 
ily treated  with  injections  of  alum,  zinc  sulphate,  and 
borax.  To  ulcers,  sores— the  dried  aUim  as  a  stimu- 
lant and  caustic.  Aphthous,  ulcerated  conditions  of 
the  mouth,  sore  throat— spray,  gargle,  or  wash  of 
alum  with  carbolic  acid.  Catarrhal  ophthalmia,  in 
the  acute  stage— a  collyrium  of  alum  grs.  v.  to  the 


MOTOR   EXCITANTS.  93 

ounce  of  distilled  water.  Open  joint,  one  of  the  most 
satisfactory  treatments — equal  parts  of  dried  alum 
and  iodoform.  Uterine  hemorrhages,  post-partum 
hemorrhage — douche  of  alum  eight  ounces  to  one  gal- 
lon water,  and  ergot  and  tincture  of  opium  inter- 
nally. Diarrhoea  and  dysentery — alum  with  tincture 
of  opium ;  but  lead  salts  and  vegetable  astringents  are 
more  effectual.  Alum  has  been  given  with  some 
success  in  hsematuria  and  polyuria.  As  a  very  good 
emetic  for  the  dog,  3i.  in  warm  water.  Pipe-clay 
or  argyl,  and  fuller's  earth,  both  preparations  of  alu- 
minum silicate,  are  mild  astringents,  and  are  used  as 
dusting  powders  for  simple  wounds,  harness  galls,  etc. 


MOTOR  EXCITANTS. 

Nux  Vomica. 

Source  and  Composition. — The  seeds  of  strych- 
nos  nux  vomica,  an  East  Indian  tree,  belonging  to 
the  natural  order  Loganiaceee.  It  contains  two  alka- 
loids, strychnine  and  brucine,  the  former  being  the 
more  important,  which  are  combined  with  igasuric 
acid  in  the  plant.  They  are  also  found  in  lesser  quan- 
tity in  other  plants  of  this  order.  Brucine,  although 
corresponding  physiologically  as  well  as  therapeuti- 
cally with  strychnine,  is  only  one-twelfth  as  strong, 
while  strychnine  is  fully  fifty  times  more  active  than 
the  powdered  nux  vomica.  Nux  vomica  is  some- 
times known  as  Quaker  button. 

Chief  Preparations.— -EJ^^rac^z^m  Nucis  Vom- 


94  VETERINARY    MATERIA   MEDICA. 

icce,   solid  extract  of  nux  vomica.      Dose:    H.,  gr. 
iv.-viij.;  C,  gr.  viij.-xvi.;  D.,  gr.  i-^. 

Extractum  Nucis  Vomicce  Fluidum,  fluid  extract 
of  nux  vomica.  Dose:  H.,  3  ss.-i. ;  C,  fl.  3  ss.-ii. ; 
D.,  m  ss.-iij. 

Tinctui^a  Nucis  Vomicce,  tincture  of  nux  vomica, 
twenty  per  cent.  Dose :  H.,  fl.  3  ijss.-v. ;  C,  fl.  3  iij. 
-fl.  Si.;  D.,  mij.-x. 

Piilvis  Nucis  Vomicce,  powdered  nux  vomica. 
Dose:  H.,   3  ss.-i. ;  C,   3i.-ij.;  D.,  gr.  ss.-i j. 

Strychnince  Sulphas,  strychnine  sulphate.  Dose: 
H.,  gr.  i.-ij.;  C,  gr.  ij.-v.;  D.,  gr.  ^WV 

If  used  subcutaneously,  one-fourth  to  one-half  of 
these  doses. 

Sulphate  of  strychnine  occurs  as  colorless  or  whit- 
ish, shining,  prismatic  crystals,  efflorescent  in  dry 
air,  odorless,  having  an  intensely  bitter  taste  and 
neutral  reaction.  Soluble  in  10  parts  of  water,  in  60 
parts  of  alcohol,  and  in  26  parts  of  glycerin,  but  in- 
soluble in  ether. 

Antidotes  for  Strychnine  Poisoning. — Tannic 
acid  to  form  the  insoluble  tannate ;  emetics  or  stom- 
ach-pump, if  possible ;  absolute  rest.  Evacuate  blad- 
der frequently  to  prevent  reabsorption.  Antagonists 
are  chloral,  chloroform,  and  physostigmine. 

Physiological  Actions.— Small  doses  act  as  a 
bitter  tonic,  stimulate  respiration,  secretion,  appetite, 
and  digestion;  increase  peristalsis,  stimulate  the 
heart,  respiratory  and  vasomotor  centres,  so  that  ar- 
terial tension  is  raised  and  the  arterioles  are  con- 
tracted.    The  rapidity  and  depth  of  the  respirations 


MOTOR   EXCITANTS.  05 

are  increased,  as  is  also  the  body  temperature  to  a 
slight  degree.  Full  doses  dilate  the  pupils,  relax  the 
arterioles,  lower  blood  pressure,  produce  spasmodic 
respirations,  twitching  of  the  muscles,  and  jerking  of 
the  extremities.  Toxic  doses,  especially  if  given  on 
au  empty  stomach,  rapidly  produce  tonic  spasms,  par- 
ticularly of  the  extensor  muscles,  rapidly  succeeding 
each  other  on  the  least  irritation,  with  intervals  of 
repose  (differential  diagnosis  from  tetanus,  where  the 
spasm  is  constant) . 

Death  takes  place  very  rapidly  in  one  or  two 
hours,  according  to  the  size  of  the  dose.  Very  large 
doses  kill  almost  instantly,  death  taking  place  by  CO^ 
poisoning,  as  the  respiratory  muscles  become  com- 
pletely paralyzed. 

Strj^chnine  exalts  all  the  functions  of  the  cord.  If 
given  in  larger  doses  there  is  over-stimulation;  in 
further  increased  doses  the  entire  cord  is  suddenly 
paralyzed — i.e.,  the  spinal  functions  are  destroyed  at 
one  blow.  Strychnine  is  absorbed  more  rapidly  from 
the  rectum  than  from  the  stomach,  and  still  more 
rapidly  from  the  bronchi  and  cellular  tissues.  It  is 
slowly  excreted  in  an  unchanged  condition  in  the 
urine. 

Therapeutics. — Nux  vomica  and  strychnine  are 
among  the  very  best  of  the  respiratory,  cardiac, 
muscular,  and  nerve  stimulants  and  tonics.  Strych- 
nine is  a  powerful  antagonist  in  poisoning  by  opium 
or  morphine.  In  anaemia,  chlorosis,  and  con- 
vales  cence  from  debilitating  diseases,  strychnine 
combined   with  iron  and   quinine;   tetanus;    atonic 


96  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

dyspepsia;  gastric  catarrh;  chronic  or  habitual  con- 
stipation, and  colic  resulting  therefrom ;  to  assist  in 
the  action  of  purgatives.  For  local  paralysis,  inject 
strychnine  into  affected  muscles  once  or  twice  a  week. 
Post-partum  paralysis  and  chronic  paralysis  of  cattle ; 
dyspnoea  from  pulmonic  affections ;  also  in  roaring 
and  broken  wind.  Cardiac  failure  from  any  cause; 
cerebro-spinal  meningitis;  stringhalt;  chorea,  asth- 
ma, and  chronic  bronchitis  in  dogs.  Strychnine 
stimulates  the  sexual  functions  if  continued  for  some 
weeks.  Combined  with  cantharis  in  small  doses  it  is 
an  effectual  remedy  to  relieve  relaxation  of  sphincter 
muscles  of  the  bladder. 

Ergota— Ergot. 

Ergota^  ergot  of  rye,  Secale  cornutum,  horned  or 
spurred  rye.  The  sclerotium  of  Claviceps  purpurea, 
natural  order  Fungi,  replacing  the  grain  of  Secale  ce- 
reale,  natural  order  Graminacese.  Somewhat  fusi- 
form, obtusely  triangular,  usually  curved,  about  one 
inch  long  and  one-eighth  inch  thick,  three-furrowed, 
obtuse  at  both  ends,  purplish-black  in  color,  whitish 
internally  with  some  purplish  strige,  breaking  w4th  a 
short  fracture ;  having  a  peculiar,  heavy  odor  and  a 
disagreeable,  oily  taste.  It  contains  three  distinct 
active  principles:  1.  Ergotic  or  ergotinic  acid,  hav- 
ing no  power  to  contract  muscular  fibre,  but  acting 
on  the  heart,  respiration,  nerves,  and  producing  con- 
vulsions. 2.  Sphacelinic  or  sphacelic  acid,  soluble  in 
alcohol,  which  stimulates  vasomotor  centres,  and  is 


MOTOR   EXCITANTS.  97 

the  chief  agent  in  producing  gangrene  of  the  extrem- 
ities in  chronic  ergotism.  3.  Cornutine,  an  alkaloid, 
which  produces  convulsions,  ergotism,  and  increased 
peristalsis  of  the  uterus.  Ergot  also  contains  a  non- 
drying  oil,  with  trimethylamine,  and  lactic  and  phos- 
phoric acids. 

Preparations  of  Ergot.— Ergota  Pulvis,  pow- 
dered ergot.     Dose:  H.,   5  ss.-i. ;  D.,  gr.  xv.-xxx. 

Extractum  Ergotoe,  solid  extract  of  ergot,  ergotin. 
Dose:  H.,  gr.  xx.-xl. ;  D.,  gr.  i.-v.  (prepared  by 
evaporating  fluid  extract  5  parts  to  1  part) . 

Extractum  Ergotce  Fluidum,  fluid  extract  of 
ergot.     Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  iij.-viij. ;  D.,  fTi  x.-xx. 

Ergotole,  a  very  concentrated  fluid  extract,  is 
manufactured  by  Messrs.  Sharp  &  Dohme,  of  Balti- 
more, Md.  It  is  two  and  one-half  times  stronger  than 
the  ofiicial  fluid  extract,  and  contains  in  permanent 
solution  all  the  active  principles  of  ergot  in  an  un- 
changed condition  and  permanent  form,  while  the  in- 
ert and  irritating  constituents  have  been  removed.  It 
does  not  produce  nausea  even  in  repeated  large  doses, 
and  being  non-irritant  is  especially  valuable  for  hypo- 
dermic medication.     Dose:  H.,  3  ss.-iij. ;  D.,  Tit  v.- 

XXX. 

Medicinal  Actions  and  Uses. — As  a  parturient, 
but  should  not  be  used  until  after  the  head  and  neck 
of  foetus  have  passed  the  os  uteri.  Ergot  acts  as  a 
motor  excitant,  haemostatic,  stimulating  chiefly  the 
spinal  cord,  and  effecting  a  contraction  of  the  muscu- 
lar coat  of  vessels,  intestines,  and  particularly  of  the 
uterus;  in  fact,  its  action  is  directed  mostly  to  wher- 
7 


98  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

ever  we  find  unstriped  muscular  tissue.  Large  doses 
produce  cerebral  and  spinal  ansemia.  The  main  fac- 
tor in  producing  the  gangrene  of  ergotism  is  the  con- 
traction of  the  arterioles.  Acute  ergotism  in  the 
horse  manifests  itself  by  salivation  and  colicky  pains ; 
chronic  ergotism  causes  convulsions  and  gangrene  of 
the  extremities.  The  extremities  at  first  become 
numb  and  cold ;  soon  a  small  bleb  or  blister  is  formed 
an  inch  or  two  above  the  coronet.  This  blister  has 
a  bluish  tint,  breaks,  suppurates,  and  gangrene  is 
established. 

Inflammations  of  mucous  surfaces  are  well  treated 
with  ergot  both  internally  as  well  as  locallj^ ;  acute 
dysentery  in  the  congestive  stage;  arterial  hemor- 
rhage— ergot  is  one  of  the  best  remedies.  In  parturi- 
ent apoplexy,  cerebro-spinal  meningitis,  phrenitis  and 
encephalitis,  aneurism,  cardiac  hypertrophy  without 
valvular  lesion,  myelitis,  spinal  congestion,  inconti- 
nence of  urine,  and  chronic  metritis.  Injections  of 
ergotole  to  reduce  aneurismal  sacs,  fibroid  tumors,  etc. 

Digitalis — Foxglove. 

The  leaves  of  Digitalis  purpurea,  natural  order  Scro- 
phularinea3,  collected  from  plants  of  the  second  year's 
growth.  They  are  from  four  to  twelve  inches  long, 
of  a  dull-green  color;  odor  faint  and  tea-like,  taste 
bitter  and  nauseating.  The  plant  grows  wild  in  Eu- 
rope, is  cultivated  in  this  country  in  gardens  for  its 
beautiful  spike  of  purple  flowers,  and  largely  by  the 
Shakers  for  the  drug  market.  According  to  the  most 
accurate  analysis   available  (Schmiedeberg's),  digi- 


MOTOR   EXCITANTS.  90 

talis  contaiDS  five  principles — viz.  1.  Digitalin, 
amorphous,  soluble  in  alcohol,  insoluble  in  water, 
and  is  the  active  ingredient  of  digitalinum,  U.  S.  P. 
2.  Digitoxin,  insoluble  in  water,  slightly  soluble  in 
alcohol,  but  the  most  active  of  all.  3.  Digitalein,  sol- 
uble both  in  water  and  alcohol.  4th.  Digitonin,  solu- 
ble in  water,  but  only  slightly  soluble  in  alcohol.  It 
is  quite  active,  but,  like  saponin,  forms  a  solution 
which  froths  readily  and  antagonizes  the  three  first 
mentioned.  5.  Digitin,  which  is  apparently  inert. 
The  first  three  are  cardiac  poisons,  the  fourth  antag- 
onizes them ;  all  five  are  non-nitrogenous,  and,  except 
digitin,  are  glucosides.  Digitalis  contains  no  true 
alkaloid. 

Preparations.— i^oZm  Digitalis  Pidvis,  pow- 
dered digitalis  leaf.  Dose:  H.,  gr.  xv.-3ss. ;  D., 
gr.  i.-iij. 

Extractum  Digitalis,  solid  extract  of  digitalis. 
Dose:  H.,  gr.  v.-xv. ;  D.,  gr.  |-i. 

Extractum  Digitalis  Fluidiim,  fluid  extract  of 
digitalis.     Dose:  H.,  m  xv.-xl. ;  D.,  m  i.-iij. 

Tinctura  Digitalis,  tincture  of  digitalis  (fifteen 
per  cent).     Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  ij.-v. ;  D.,  m  iij.-xiij. 

Infusum  Digitalis,  infusion  of  digitalis.  Dose: 
H.,  fl.  3  ij.-iv. ;  fl  3  i.-iv.  (digitalis  leaf  3,  cinnamon 
3,  boiling  water  185,  alcohol  15,  water  to  make  200 
parts) . 

Digitalinum,  digitalin.     Dose:  H.,  gr.  ^^;  D., 

S^-    6~0     ST- 

Physiological  Action.— Digitalis  is  a  cardiac 
tonic  and  vascular  stimulant,  a  motor  excitant,  para- 


100  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

lyzant,  anaphrodisiac,  diuretic,  and  emetic.  Over- 
doses irritate  the  mucous  membranes,  causing  sneez- 
ing, severe  gastric  disturbance,  nausea,  vomiting  in 
some  animals,  colicky  pains  and  purgation,  the  dis- 
charges being  of  a  greenish  color.  It  reduces  tem- 
perature, presumably  by  decreasing  the  blood  supply 
to  the  tissues.  Digitalis  slows  the  heart,  but  in- 
creases the  force  of  the  heart  muscle.  It  stimulates 
the  cardiac  motor  ganglia,  the  inhibitory  apparatus, 
and  vasomotor  centre,  contracting  the  arterioles,  and 
thereby  greatly  raising  arterial  tension.  Continued 
full  doses  exhaust  the  irritability  of  the  motor  gan- 
glia and  paralyze  the  cardiac  muscle  itself.  It  de- 
creases the  sexual  appetite,  lessens  the  contractile 
power  of  striped  muscular  tissue,  causes  weakness 
and  languor ;  the  excretion  of  urea,  while  at  first  in- 
creased, is  very  soon  much  diminished.  The  diuretic 
action  of  digitalis  is  due  to  its  peculiar  influence  upon 
the  general  and  renal  circulation .  It  greatly  increases 
blood  pressure  in  the  kidneys,  as  well  as  the  rap- 
idity of  the  renal  circulation.  Toxic  doses  decrease 
the  reflexes,  paralyze  the  muscles  and  the  peripheral 
nerves,  motor  and  sensory ;  respirations  become  rapid 
and  feeble;  cyanosis,  coma,  and  convulsions  follow; 
death  takes  place  by  sudden  paralysis  of  the  heart, 
which  is  arrested  in  systole  (aconite  arrests  heart  in 
diastole). 

The  curative  effects  of  digitalis  are  brought  about 
in  some  of  the  following  ways :  1st,  By  strengthening 
the  heart's  action;  2d,  by  reducing  the  strength  of 
the  heart  beats  if  that  organ  is  acting  too  powerfully ; 


MOTOR  EXCITANTS.  101 

3d,  by  lessening  the  frequency  of   the  heartbeats; 
4th,  by  correcting  irregularity  in  the  heart's  action. 

Antidotes  and  Antagonists. — The  best  chemical 
antidote  is  tannin,  but  the  stomach-pump  or  emetics 
must  be  used  if  possible,  as  the  tannate  of  digitalin 
is  not  entirely  inactive.  The  best  antagonist  for 
large  doses  is  aconite,  while  opium  is  very  service- 
able to  counteract  the  effects  of  its  long-continued 
use. 

Incompatibles  are  tannic  acid,  most  of  the  iron 
preparations,  and  cinchona. 

Therapeutics.— Enfeebled  or  irregular  heart's 
action  during  influenza;  mitral  disease;  in  hypertro- 
phy of  old  horses  when  overworked,  with  weak  pulse; 
difficult  breathing  and  dropsical  effusions  if  resulting 
from  weak  heart;  palpitation  from  overwork  or  ex- 
ertion after  a  full  meal;  pericarditis;  endocarditis; 
hemorrhage  from  lungs,  stomach,  or  from  large  sur- 
faces. In  pneumonia  in  earlier  stage,  to  help  relieve 
the  local  engorgement.  In  treating  thick  wind  or 
broken  wind;  coughs;  combined  with  potassium  ni- 
trate or  acetate  as  a  diuretic;  various  dropsical  affec- 
tions. The  chief  indications  for  the  use  of  digitalis 
are  enfeebled,  irregular,  or  irritable  heart,  deficient 
arterial  pressure,  venous  engorgement,  and  scanty 
secretion  of  urine.  Digitalis  should  not  be  used  in 
aortic  disease  or  hypertrophy  if  pulse  is  strong,  firm, 
and  regular.  It  has  been  recommended  in  purpura, 
combined  with  copper  sulphate  in  small  doses.  Ac- 
cording to  some  authors  digitalis  is  cumulative  in  ac- 
tion, but  personal  experience  fails  to  bear  this  out. 


102  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 


Strophanthus. 

The  seeds  of  Strophanthus  hispidus  (natural  order 
Apocj-nacege),  an  African  climbing  plant,  from  which 
the  natives  prepare  a  deadly  arrow  poison  known  as 
kombe.  It  contains  from  eight  to  ten  per  cent,  of 
strophanthin,  a  crystalline  glucoside,  which  is  its  ac- 
tive principle. 

Preparations.— Tmchtra  Strophanti  (five  per 
cent.),  tincture  of  strophanthus.  Dose:  H.,fl.  3i.- 
ij.;  D.,  m  i.-v. 

Strophanthinum^    strophanthin.      Dose:    H.,   gr. 

1  _i.    "n       err        1         1 
To     2  J    -^-J    S^'    120     6  0- 

Physiological  Action.— Strophanthus  acts  very 
energetically  upon  muscular  tissues,  increasing  the 
contractile  power  of  all  striped  muscle.  Its  action 
is  brought  about  by  direct  contact  through  the  blood, 
and  consequently,  as  the  heart  receives  more  blood 
than  any  other  part  of  the  organism,  it  is  rapidly  and 
strongly  affected  by  doses  too  small  to  show  much 
effect  elsewhere ;  for  this  reason  small  doses  stimulate 
the  heart's  contractions  and  lower  the  rate  of  the 
heart  beats;  at  the  same  time  blood  pressure  is  raised 
and  diuresis  is  produced.  Large  doses  paralyze  the 
heart,  and  if  this  has  once  taken  place  there  is  no 
way  of  relief,  as  the  heart  becomes  so  contracted  as  to 
seem  almost  of  the  rigidity  of  stone.  Strophanthus 
is  the  most  powerful  and  most  rapid  heart  stimulant 
known,  being  much  more  powerful  than  digitalis, 
from  which  it  differs  in  that  it  does  not  cause  any 


MOTOR    EXCITANTS.  103 

vasomotor  constriction  of  the  arterioles.  It  reduces 
the  pulse,  helps  to  lower  body  temperature,  does  not 
create  any  gastro-intestinal  disturbance,  and  is  not 
cumulative  in  action.  It  rapidly  relieves  cardiac 
dyspnoea,  and  its  influence  upon  the  circulation  will 
last  for  a  long  time.  According  to  Professor  Frazer 
its  effects  have  been  known  to  continue  for  as  long 
as  eight  days.  It  may  be  beneficially  given  in  pal- 
pitation or  exaggerated  cardiac  action,  as  from 
overwork  or  weak  heart,  to  relieve  dyspnoea  of  asth- 
ma, pulmonary  oedema,  acute  endocarditis,  chronic 
Bright's  disease,  and  valvular  lesions  of  the  heart. 

CONVALLARIA — LiLY   OF   THE   VaLLEY. 

The  well-known  perennial  plant,  "  lily  of  the  val- 
ley," Convallaria  majalis,  belonging  to  the  natural  or- 
der Liliacese.  All  parts  of  the  plant  are  used,  but 
preparations  of  the  root  seem  most  active.  It  con- 
tains two  active  glucosides — viz. :  Convallamarin, 
the  cardiac-acting  principle,  soluble  both  in  alcohol 
and  in  water;  and  convallarin,  an  emeto-cathartic 
principle,  soluble  in  alcohol  but  insoluble  in  water; 
also  an  acrid  resin  resembling  convallarin  in  action. 
The  more  important  preparations  of  convallaria  are: 

Extractum  Convallarice  Fluidum,  fluid  extract 
of  convallaria.     Dose:  H.,  fl.  3ss.-ij.;  D.,  TTi  ij.-x. 

Convallamarinum,  convallamarinum.  An  amor- 
phous, white,  bitter  powder,  soluble  in  water  and  in 
alcohol,  but  insoluble  in  ether.  Dose:  H.,  gr.  x.- 
XXX. ;  D.,  gr.  ss.-ij. 


104  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

Physiological  Action.— Convallaria  is  a  very 
valuable  heart  tonic,  diminishing  the  frequency  and 
increasing  the  strength  of  the  heart  beat,  raises  arte- 
rial tension,  slows  and  deepens  the  respirations,  and 
increases  the  amount  of  urine  excreted.  Unlike  digi- 
talis, it  has  no  cumulative  action,  but  very  closely  re- 
sembles that  drug  in  its  action  as  a  cardiac  tonic  and 
as  a  diuretic.  In  over-doses  it  is  an  active  poison, 
causing  irregular  cardiac  action,  gastro-enteritis,  rap- 
id feeble  pulse,  and  greatly  lowered  blood  pressure, 
slowed  and  labored  respirations,  and  finally  heart 
arrest  in  systole,  by  direct  stimulation  of  its  inhibi- 
tory apparatus. 

Therapeutics. — Convallaria  is  considered  safer 
than  digitalis,  and  may  be  employed  in  all  cases 
where  the  latter  drug  is  indicated.  In  cardiac  neu- 
rosis it  frequently  gives  prompt  relief  when  digitalis 
has  failed. 

Belladonna— Deadly  Nightshade. 

The  leaves  and  root  of  Atropa  belladonna,  a  Euro- 
pean plant,  natural  order  Solanacese,  and  containing 
two  alkaloids.  The  more  important  of  these,  atro- 
pine, the  active  principle,  is  in  general  use ;  w^iile  the 
other,  known  as  belladonnine,  is  but  seldom  used  for 
its  therapeutic  properties.  The  plant  contains  also 
malic  acid  and  a  coloring  matter  known  as  atrosin. 

Derivatives  of  J.  ^r op  me.— Atropine  may  be  re- 
solved into  tropin  and  tropic  acid,  both  of  w^iich,  as 
well  as  atropine,  may  be  produced  synthetically. 
Homatropine  is  the  product  resulting  from  treating 


MOTOR  EXCITANTS.  105 

the  amygdalate  of  tropin  with  dihite  HCl.  Its  hy- 
drobromate  is  much  used  by  ophthalmologists,  and  is 
a  cardiac  depressant. 

Chief  Preparations. — Pulvis  Belladonnce  Foli- 
orum,  powdered  belladonna  leaf .  Dose:  H.,  3  iv.- 
Si.;  D.,  gr.  v.-x. 

Tinctura  Belladonnce  Foliorum^  tincture  of  bella- 
donna leaf  (fifteen  per  cent.).  Dose:  H.,  fl.  Sij.- 
fl.  3  i. ;  D.,  TTtij.-xxx. 

Extr actum  Belladonnce  Foliorum  Alcoholicum, 
alcoholic  extract  of  belladonna  leaves.  Dose:  H.,  gr. 
v.-xv.;  D.,  gr.  yVi. 

Extractum  Belladonnce  Radicis  Fluidum,  fluid 
extract  of  belladonna  root.  Dose:  H.,  TTi,xx.-fl.  3  ij. ; 
D.,  mi.-v. 

Unguentum  Belladonnce,  ointment  of  belladonna. 
For  local  use  only.  (Alcoholic  extract  of  belladonna 
10,  diluted  alcohol  6,  benzoinated  lard  84.) 

Linimentum  Belladonnce,  liniment  of  belladonna. 
For  local  use  only.  (Fluid  extract  of  belladonna  root 
95,  camphor  5.) 

AtropincB  Sulphas,  sulphate  of  atropine.  Dose: 
H.,  gr.  ss.-iss. ;  D.,  gr.  xiWo-  Hypodermically, 
one-fourth  to  one-half  of  these  doses. 

Sulphate  of  atropine  is  a  white,  indistinctly  crystal- 
line powder,  permanent  in  the  air,  odorless,  having  a 
very  bitter,  nauseating  taste  and  a  neutral  reaction. 
Soluble  in  0.4  part  of  water  and  in  6.5  parts  of  alco- 
hol. 

Physiological  Actions. — Belladonna  is  a  pow- 
erful mydriatic,   an  irritant  narcotic,   an   antispas- 


106  YETERIXARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

modic,  and  anodyne.  It  is  a  stimulant  to  the  heart, 
respiration,  and  spinal  cord  if  given  in  small  doses, 
while  large  doses  paralyze  the  secretory  and  motor 
nerve  endings,  but  stimulate  the  sympathetic  system. 
Its  internal  administration  produces  a  dryness  of  the 
mucous  membranes  of  the  nose,  mouth,  throat,  and 
larynx;  while  the  gastric  and  intestinal  secretions, 
although  at  first  decreased,  are  soon  reproduced  in  in- 
creased quantity.  The  heart  rate  at  first  is  slowed, 
but  shortly  becomes  very  rapid  and  vigorous,  the 
pulse  being  doubled  in  rapidity,  arterial  tension  is 
raised,  and  circulation  increased.  This  is  brought 
about  by  belladonna  directly  stimulating  the  cardiac 
sympathetic  and  paralyzing  the  intracardiac  inhibi- 
tory ganglia,  which,  while  stimulating  the  accelera- 
tor apparatus,  decreases  the  inhibitory  powxr.  Like 
other  members  of  the  same  group,  belladonna  stimu- 
lates the  vasomotor  ganglia  over  the  entire  body, 
with  paralysis  by  over-stimulation;  thus  the  heart 
weakens,  vessels  become  relaxed,  blood  pressure  is 
greatly  lowered,  and  if  the  action  of  the  drug  is  al- 
lowed to  continue,  complete  motor  paralysis  ensues, 
with  delirium,  stupor,  and  finally  death  by  asphyxia 
(paralysis  of  respiration).  Belladonna  lessens  intra- 
ocular pressure,  and  by  its  systemic  as  well  as  local 
administration  dilates  the  pupil  of  the  eye.  The  dil- 
atation reaches  its  maximum  in  the  dog  in  from 
twenty  to  twenty-five  minutes,  in  herbivora  in  from 
one-half  to  three-fourths  of  an  hour,  and  its  effects 
may  continue  in  a  lesser  degree  for  several  days. 
The  brain  is  congested  by  belladonna  and  more  or 


MOTOR   EXCITANTS.  107 

less  delirium  is  produced,  with  hallucinations,  mental 
disorder,  and  a  tendency  to  irregular  movements 
caused  by  a  selective  action  of  the  drug  upon  the  cells 
of  the  gray  matter.  The  spinal  cord  is  stimulated 
from  the  second  cervical  to  almost  the  last  dorsal  ver- 
tebra, resulting  finally  in  paralysis  of  both  central 
and  peripheral  motor  nerves,  locomotory  power  being 
first  lost  in  the  posterior  extremities.  Sensation  is 
somewhat  impaired,  but  muscular  irritability  is  un- 
affected. By  the  increased  circulation  metamor- 
phosis is  greatly  promoted,  which,  together  with  the 
increased  respiration,  raises  the  temperature.  A 
scarlatina-like  rash  (seldom  discernible  in  the  lower 
animals)  with  d^^sphagia  and  sore  throat,  is  occasion- 
ally produced  by  belladonna  on  the  skin  and  fauces, 
and  is  due  to  capillary  congestion  resulting  from  the 
increased  circulation.  Belladonna  is  rapidly  diffused 
and  rapidly  eliminated,  which  process  is  accom- 
plished chiefly  by  the  kidneys.  Large  doses  dimin- 
ish the  excretion  of  urine,  while  small  doses  seem  to 
be  without  effect  in  that  particular.  Since  atropine 
is  eliminated  in  an  almost  unchanged  form,  the  urine 
of  an  animal  under  its  action  will  dilate  the  pupil  of 
another  animal.  The  herbivora  are  not  so  profoundly 
affected  by  belladonna  as  the  carnivora,  the  goat  be- 
ing accredited  with  the  ability  of  consuming  quanti- 
ties of  the  leaf  with  impunity.  On  the  dog  the  car- 
diac action  of  the  drug  is  more  apparent,  while  in 
the  horse  the  cerebral  action  predominates. 

Antidotes    and    Antagonists. — Belladonna    has 
been  thought  to  have  no  direct  physiological  antago- 


108  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

nist,  but  opium  counteracts  its  effects  on  the  cere- 
brum, heart,  respiration,  arterial  tension,  pupil,  and 
kidne3'S ;  while  aconite,  eserine,  pilocarpine,  and  qui- 
nine, each  antagonize  some  of  its  effects.  Later  in- 
vestigations, however,  have  shown  that  muscarine,  an 
active  toxic  alkaloid  from  Agaricus  muscarius,  the 
fly-agaric,  is  a  complete,  prompt,  and  perfect  physio- 
logical antagonist  to  atropine.  In  treating  belladon- 
na poisoning,  tannic  acid,  emetics,  and  the  stomach- 
pump  when  practicable,  should  be  employed. 

Therapeutics. — Belladonna  is  used  to  relieve  the 
pain  attendant  upon  various  inflammations,  rheuma- 
tism, cancer,  pelvic  affections ;  to  stimulate  the  weak- 
ened heart,  as  in  influenza;  in  catarrh,  pharyngitis, 
laryngitis,  and  bronchitis.  Very  serviceable  in  the 
second  stage  of  respiratory  diseases  in  the  horse, 
when  secretion  is  abundant,  deglutition  difficult,  and 
the  throat  sore  and  irritable.  Spasmodic  cough  of 
bronchitis  and  distemper  is  very  amenable  to  bella- 
donna with  ammonium  carbonate.  Spasmodic  colic 
is  frequently  treated  with  belladonna  and  camphor 
and  chloral,  or  belladonna  with  aconite  and  solution 
of  acetate  of  ammonia.  In  constipation — combined 
with  nux  vomica  and  aloes;  also  given  to  assist  in 
the  action  of  other  purgatives  and  prevent  their  grip- 
ing. In  tetanus — belladonna  with  alcohol  in  large 
doses;  also  the  extract  smeared  upon  the  teeth.  In 
cerebral  and  spinal  hypersemia,  encephalitis,  menin- 
gitis, and  myelitis — with  ergot  and  use  of  cerebral  or 
spinal  ice  bag.  Given  internally  or  as  an  injection, 
belladonna  relieves  irritation  of  the  bladder  and  urin- 


MOTOR   EXCITANTS.  109 

ary  apparatus,  rectum,  and  uterus.  Rigidity  of  os 
uteri  in  retarded  or  delayed  parturition  has  been  suc- 
cessfully treated  by  direct  local  application  of  extract 
of  belladonna.  In  mammitis,  to  check  the  milk  se- 
cretion, allay  inflammation  and  pain — the  fluid  ex- 
tract and  camphor  liniment,  or  liniment  of  bella- 
donna. In  treating  abscesses,  boils,  carbuncles,  and 
other  superficial  inflammations,  apply  locally;  the 
same  when  it  is  desired  to  determine  and  increase  the 
action  of  belladonna  given  internally — ^.e.,  in  tetanus 
apply  belladonna  liniment  along  the  spine ;  in  spas- 
modic cough,  the  same  to  the  throat;  in  diseases  of 
the  kidneys,  over  the  loins,  etc.  Glandular  swellings 
may  be  treated  locally  with  mercurial  ointment  and 
extract  of  belladonna.  In  diseases  of  the  skin  to  re- 
lieve itching;  in  erysipelas,  locaUy  as  well  as  smaU 
frequently  repeated  doses  internally.  Epilepsy  and 
convulsions  of  canine  patients  may  be  treated  with 
belladonna  and  sodium  bromide.  In  applying  bella- 
donna over  very  large  surfaces,  especially  upon  the 
dog,  great  care  must  be  exercised  lest  the  animal  be- 
come poisoned  by  absorption.  The  attendant  when 
rubbing  a  patient  with  belladonna  liniment  or  other 
powerful  preparation  of  belladonna  must  be  cautioned 
to  thoroughly  cleanse  his  hands  after  using  the  prep- 
aration, lest  he  too  suffer  from  the  absorption. 

H  Yosc  Y  AMUS— Henbane  . 

The  leaves  and  tops  of  Hyoscyamus  niger,  a  bien- 
nial plant,  natural  order  Solanacese,  growing  wild  in 
many  parts  of  Great  Britain.     It  is  also  cultivated 


110  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

for  the  drug  market.  Its  active  principle  is  an  alka- 
loid called  hyoscyamine,  which  is  probably  identical 
with  atropine.  From  it  is  derived  hyoscine,  a  semi- 
liquid  alkaloid  yielding  tropic  acid  and  pseudotro- 
pine. 

Preparations. — Extractum  Hyoscyami,  solid 
extract  of  henbane.    Dose:  H.,  3  ss.-i. ;  D.,  gr.  ss.-ij. 

Extractum  Hijoscyami  Fluidum,  fluid  extract  of 
henbane.     Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  iss.-vi. ;  D.,  m  v.-xx. 

Tinctura  Hyoscyami,  tincture  of  henbane.  Dose : 
H.,  fl.  3  i--iij- ;  D.,  fl.  3  ss.-iij. 

Hyoscyamince  Sulphas,  hyoscyamine  sulphate. 
Dose :  H.,  gr.  ss.-v. ;  D.,  gr.  :^\-^.  Hypodermically, 
one-half  of  these  doses. 

Hyoscince  Hydrohromas.      Dose:    H.,    gr.   ^-i; 

I^-)   g^'-    10  0     /o  • 

Incompatibles  are  liquor  potassse  and  all  other 
fixed  caustic  alkalies. 

Actions  and  Uses  fo  Hyoscyamus.— It  is  simi- 
lar in  action  to  belladonna,  but  not  so  powerful.  Is 
a  good  calmative  and  hypnotic,  anodyne  and  antispas- 
modic, and  is  sometimes  used  like  atropine  as  a  my- 
driatic. Full  doses  stimulate  the  brain  centres  and 
paralyze  motor  nerve  endings ;  over-doses  destroy  life 
by  paralyzing  the  respiratory  function.  Hyoscya- 
mus does  not  check  peristalsis,  and  therefore  is  useful 
as  a  hypnotic  and  anodyne  in  irritable  conditions  of 
the  alimentary  canal  and  urinary  apparatus  when 
opium  is  contraindicated.  It  is  frequently  combined 
with  cathartics  to  enhance  their  activity  and  at  the 
same  time  to  prevent  griping.     It  is  prescribed  as  an 


CEREBRAL   EXCITANTS.  Ill 

anodyne  in  colic,  to  allay  irritable  cough,  in  epilepsy 
and  chorea,  in  locomotor  ataxia,  and  since  it  is 
mainly  excreted  by  the  kidneys  its  value  to  relieve 
irritability  of  these  organs  and  of  the  bladder  will  be 
apparent. 

CEREBRAL  EXCITANTS. 
Camphora — Camphor. 

Camphor  is  a  stearopten  (solid  volatile  oil),  ob- 
tained from  Cinnamomum  camphora,  natural  order 
Laurinese,  a  native  tree  of  Japan,  China,  Borneo,  etc., 
and  is  purified  by  sublimation.  Found  in  the  mar- 
ket as  white  translucent  masses  of  a  tough  consistence 
and  crystalline  structure,  readily  pulveiizable  in  the 
presence  of  a  little  alcohol,  ether,  or  chloroform.  Its 
specific  gravity  is  0.99,  it  sublimes  without  residue, 
burns  with  a  smoky  but  luminous  flame,  floats  on 
water,  and  if  exposed  to  air  slowly  evaporates.  It 
has  a  penetrating  odor  and  a  pungent  taste,  is  soluble 
in  1,300  parts  of  water,  readily  soluble  in  alcohol, 
ether,  chloroform,  fixed  and  volatile  oils,  milk,  and 
acetic  acid. 

Preparations.  —  Camphora  Pulvis,  powdered 
camphor.     Dose:  H.,   3i.-iij.;  D.,  gr.  v.-x. 

Aqua  CamphorcB,  camphor  water,  used  chiefly  as 
a  sedative  colly rium.  (Camphor  8,  alcohol  IG,  water 
976.) 

Spiritus  CampliorcE,  spirit  of  camphor,  princi- 
pally for  local  use.  (Camphor  10,  water  20,  alcohol 
to  make  100.) 


112  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDIC  A. 

Linimentum  Campliorce^  Oleum  Camphor atum^ 
liniment  of  camphor  or  camphorated  oil.  For  local 
use.     (Camphor  1,  cotton-seed  oil  4.) 

Linimentum  Saponis,  Linimentum  Camphor ce 
Compositum,  Tinctura  Camphorce  Composita, 
Spiritus  Saponis  Camphoratus^  soap  liniment, 
compound  camphor  liniment,  compound  tincture  of 
camphor,  camphorated  soap  spirit,  opodeldoc.  For 
local  use  only.  (Soap  in  shavings  10,  camphor  5, 
oil  of  rosemary  1,  alcohol  70,  water  to  make  100.) 

Camphora  Monobromata,  monobromated  cam- 
phor. Used  chiefly  in  canine  practice.  Dose  for 
dog,  gr.  i.-x. 

Physiological  Action. — Camphor  is  antispas- 
modic, antiseptic,  anodyne,  a  stimulant  expectorant, 
diaphoretic,  a  cerebral  excitant,  and  gastro-intesti- 
nal  irritant.  Externally,  counter-irritant,  stimulant, 
antiseptic,  parasiticide.  It  has  an  acrid,  hot  taste, 
irritates  the  skin  and  mucous  membranes,  and  if 
given  in  large  quantity  causes  severe  gastric  disturb- 
ance with  all  the  effects  of  an  irritant  poison.  Mod- 
erate doses  stimulate  both  the  vasomotor  system  and 
the  cardiac  motor  ganglia,  at  the  same  time  decreas- 
ing the  influence  of  the  pneumogastric,  in  this  way 
increasing ' circulation  and  raising  arterial  tension; 
mental  activity,  respiration,  and  the  sweat  glands 
are  stimulated,  pain  allayed,  the  menstrual  flow  and 
sexual  appetite  increased;  while  large  or  continued 
doses  depress  the  generative  function  and  occasion- 
ally cause  dysuria.  Its  an  aphrodisiac  effects  are  not 
very  pronounced  in  the  lower  animals.     Large  doses 


CEREBRAL    EXCITANTS.  113 

depress  the  entire  central  nervous  system,  depress  the 
heart,  lower  arterial  tension,  diminish  the  reflex  func- 
tions of  the  cord,  produce  coldness  of  the  surface,  in- 
sensibility, coma,  convulsions,  and  sometimes  death. 
Camphor  is  eliminated  chiefly  by  the  bronchial  mu- 
cous membrane  and  skin ;  also  by  the  kidneys. 

Therapeutics. — In  diarrhoea — with  ether,  lauda- 
num, and  aromatics.  In  enteritis — with  opium.  To 
counteract  cardiac  depression  and  as  a  febrifuge — 
with  sweet  spirit  of  nitre  and  solution  of  acetate  of  am- 
monia. To  relieve  vomiting;  in  nymphomania,  ty- 
phoid fevers;  in  bronchitis,  spasmodic  cough,  sore 
throat,  and  other  affections  of  the  respiratory  appara- 
tus. In  gangrene  internally  and  locally.  The  mono- 
bromated camphor  in  chorea  of  the  dog.  Exter- 
nally, as  a  stimulant,  counter-irritant,  and  to  allay 
itching  in  skin  diseases,  as  in  eczema  and  urticaria. 

ASAFCETIDA — ASAFCETIDA. 

A  gum-resin  obtained  by  incision  from  the  living 
roots  of  Ferula  narthex  and  of  Ferula  scorodosma  (na- 
tural order  Umbelliferse,  Orthospermse),  an  Afghan 
plant.  Its  principal  constituent  is  a  sulphuretted  vol- 
atile oil,  consisting  chiefly  of  allyl  sulphide.  It  also 
contains  a  gum  and  a  resin,  with  feruliac,  malic, 
acetic,  formic,  and  valerianic  acids. 

Asafoetida  occurs  in  irregular  masses,  composed 
of  whitish  tears,  which  are  embedded  in  a  yellowish- 
gra}'  or  brownish-gray  sticky  mass.  The  tears,  when 
hard,  break  with  a  conchoidal  fracture,  showing  a 
milk-white  color,  which  changes  gradually  on  expo- 
8 


114  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

sure  to  pink,  and  finally  to  brown.  It  has  a  persis- 
tent, alliaceous  odor,  and  bitter,  alliaceous,  acrid 
taste;  when  triturated  with  water,  it  yields  a  milk- 
white  emulsion.  It  is  partly  soluble  in  ether,  and  at 
least  sixty  per  cent,  of  it  should  dissolve  in  alcohol. 
Dose:  H.,   3  ij.-iv. ;  D.,  gr.  x.-xx. 

Tinctura  Asafoetidce,  tincture  of  asatoetida  (twen- 
ty per  cent.).     Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  i.-iij. ;  D.,  fl.  3  ss.-ij. 

Eniulsum  Asafoetidce,  emulsion  of  asafoetida  (four 
per  cent,  in  water).  Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  viij.-xx. ;  D., 
fl.  3  ss.-ij. 

Physiological  Action. — Asafoetida  is  a  power- 
ful antispasmodic,  a  carminative,  a  stimulating  expec- 
torant, a  nerve  and  cerebral  stimulant.  It  is  also 
mildly  tonic,  laxative,  diuretic,  diaphoretic,  emmena- 
gogue,  aphrodisiac,  and  anthelmintic.  It  raises  ar- 
terial tension,  stimulates  the  circulation,  secretions, 
and  excretions,  the  general  nervous  system,  the  men- 
strual flow,  and  sexual  appetite.  Its  continued  use  at 
times  causes  impaired  digestion,  flatulency,  difficult 
urination,  diarrhoea,  tenesmus,  and  phenomena  of 
general  nervousness.  It  is  rapidly  absorbed  and  elim- 
inated by  the  respiratory  mucous  membrane,  the 
kidneys,  and  the  skin,  gently  stimulating  their  secre- 
tions. 

Therapeutics. — It  has  long  been  successfully  giv- 
en in  flatulent  colic  of  the  lower  animals;  in  con- 
stipation— with  aloes  and  nux  vomica;  in  chronic 
bronchial  affections,  chronic  catarrh — combined  with 
ammonia  muriate.  Also  as  a  vermifuge,  but  for  this 
purpose  its  action  is  somewhat  uncertain. 


CEREBRAL   EXCITANTS.  115 


Cannabis  Indica— Indian  Hemp. 

The  flowering  tops  of  the  female  plant  of  Cannabis 
sativa  (natural  order  Urticacese,  grown  in  the  East 
Indies.  Sometimes  known  as  foreign  Indian  hemp, 
in  contradistinction  to  Cannabis  Americana,  the 
same  plant  grow^n  in  the  Southern  United  States,  but 
not  nearly  so  powerful  in  action  as  the  East  Indian 
variety.  Indian  hemp  contains  a  resin  named  can- 
nabin,  and  a  volatile  oil  from  which  are  obtained 
cannabene,  a  light  hydrocarbon,  and  cannabene  hy- 
dride, a  crystalline  body. 

Preparations. — Extractum  Cannabis  Indicce, 
solid  extract  of  Indian  hemp.  Dose:  H.,  3  ss.-i.; 
D.,  gr.  i-1. 

Extractum  Cannabis  Indicce  Fluicliim,  fluid  ex- 
tract of  Indian  hemp.     Dose:    H.,  fl.  3ij.-iv. ;  D., 

m  i.-x. 

Physiological  Action. — Antispasmodic,  anaes- 
thetic, anodyne,  analgesic,  narcotic,  cerebro-spinal 
stimulant,  aphrodisiac.  It  increases  motor  and  intel- 
lectual activity,  stimulates  vasomotor  nerves,  raises 
arterial  tension,  and  depresses  sensation.  Has  been 
given  in  exceedingly  large  doses,  and  although  it 
produced  great  temporary  mental  excitement  followed 
by  coma,  it  is  said  never  to  have  caused  death. 

Therapeutics. — In  colic,  to  relieve  spasm  and 
pain,  without  interfering  with  the  peristaltic  move- 
ment; traumatic  tetanus — large  doses  (Dr.  R.  Ruth- 
erford, of  Edinburgh,  claims  to  have  cured  over  fifty 


116  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

per  cent,  of  all  tetanus  patients  by  this  method); 
chorea  of  the  dog,  to  control  the  involuntary  spasms ; 
to  dull  sensibility  during  the  performance  of  minor 
operations ;  in  uteriue  affections — as  metritis,  cystitis, 
etc. — internally  and  locally  by  injection;  in  retention 
of  urine,  spasm  of  sphincter  vesicae,  and  dysuria; 
also  in  azoturia,  to  control  excitement. 

Cocaine  Hydrochloras— Hydrochlorate  of 
Cocaine. 

A  crystalline  alkaloid,  obtained  from  the  leaves  of 
Erythroxylon  coca,  a  small  Peruvian  shrub  (natural 
order  Erythroxylacese),  in  which  it  is  contained  to 
the  amount  of  about  twenty-six  per  cent.  The  hy- 
drochlorate occurs  as  small  whitish  or  almost  color- 
less acicular  crystals,  or  crystalline  powder,  is  readily 
soluble  in  0.5  part  water  and  in  3|  parts  of  alcohol, 
has  a  bitter  taste,  producing  a  tingling  sensation  on 
the  tongue  followed  by  numbness.  It  paralyzes  the 
sensory  nerves  with  which  it  comes  in  contact,  hence 
is  used  as  a  local  anaesthetic.  It  has  also  slight  anti- 
septic powers.  In  small  doses  it  is  a  cerebral,  cardiac, 
respiratory,  and  nerve  stimulant  and  diuretic,  but  les- 
sens the  quantity  of  urea  excreted,  since  it  partly  sus- 
pends the  processes  of  waste,  thereby  acting  as  an 
indirect  nutrient  and  enabling  the  body  to  maintain 
its  energy  on  a  decreased  food  supply.  It  dilates  the 
pupils  when  used  locally  as  well  as  systemically. 
Over-doses  destroy  life  by  paralysis  of  respiration. 

Therapeutics.— It  is  in  general  use  as  a  local 
anaesthetic  during  minor  surgical  operations,  as  on 


CEREBRAL   EXCITANTS.  117 

the  eye,  larynx,  in  neurotomy,  etc. ;  also  to  detect  ob- 
scure lameness.  As  a  mydriatic  it  is  much  more 
serviceable  than  atropine.  Has  been  given  in  con- 
valescence from  fevers  and  protracted  illness,  in  doses 
of  grs.  i.-v.  to  the  horse;  for  the  dog,  gr.  -J-l.  For 
local  anaesthetic  effect  upon  the  horse,  inject  hypo- 
dermically  from  gr.  v.-xv.  occasionally  more  is  re- 
quired. Its  effect  begins  in  about  twenty  minutes 
and  continues  for  from  one-half  to  two  hours;  maxi- 
mum, in  about  one  hour.  If  kept  in  solution,  add 
2^  part  of  boric  acid  to  prevent  decomposition. 

Caffeina— Caffeine  ;  Theina — Theine. 

Caffeine  and  theine  are  now  generally  conceded  to 
be  identical;  the  former  is  obtained  from  the  dry 
seeds  of  Coffea  Arabica  (the  coffee  tree),  the  latter 
from  the  dry  leaves  of  Thea  sinensis  (the  tea  plant). 
They  are  also  found  in  other  plants.  Caffeine  occurs 
as  white,  shining,  elastic  needles,  soluble  in  80  parts 
of  water,  50  parts  of  alcohol,  and  in  9  parts  of  chloro- 
form. It  is  a  cardiac  tonic  and  diuretic,  and  is  used 
as  a  substitute  for  digitalis,  which  it  occasionally 
effectually  replaces.  It  is  in  medicinal  doses  also  a 
stimulant  to  the  nerve  centres  in  the  cerebrum,  me- 
dulla, and  cord ;  but  over-doses  paralyze.  It  regulates 
the  heart's  action,  and  causes  the  removal  of  oedema 
by  increased  diuresis.  It  is  rapidly  absorbed,  rapidly 
eliminated,  and  has  no  cumulative  effects.  It  is  best 
given  hypodermically  with  sodium  salicylate,  which 
increases  its  solubility  and  activity.  Dose:  H.,  gr. 
v.-xx.;  D.,  gr.  i-2. 


118  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

CEREBRAL  DEPRESSANTS. 

Alcohol  and  Its  Preparations. 

An  alcohol  may  be  defined  as  being  a  volatile  or- 
ganic compound  of  an  organic  radical  and  hydroxyl 
(HO),  containing  no  F,  having  great  affinity  for  wa- 
ter, and  reacting  with  acids  to  form  H„0  and  ethers. 
An  alcohol  is  obtained  by  distillation  from  the  fer- 
mented product  of  grape  sugar  or  other  substance, 
such  as  starch,  which  ma}^  be  readily  converted  into 
grape  sugar.  This  fermented  product,  in  the  presence 
and  by  the  growth  of  certain  low  vegetable  organisms 
(the  yeast  plant,  etc.),  splits  up  into  alcohol  and  COj. 
The  most  important  alcohols  are : 

1.  Methylic  Alcohol — CH^O — methyl  hydrate, 
wood  spirit. 

2.  Ethylic  Alcohol — O^H^O— ethyl  hydrate,  grain 
spirit. 

3.  Amylic  Alcohol— CJi^fi — amyl  hydrate,  potato 
spirit,  fusel  oil. 

When  speaking  of  "  cilcohol "  medicinally  or  phar- 
maceutically,  the  ethyl  hydrate  or  grain  spirit  is  the 
one  referred  to  (see  Alcohol  or  Rectified  Spirit  below) . 

The  Official  Preparations  of  Alcohol  are  : 
Alcohol  Absolutum,  spiritus  absolutus,  absolute 
alcohol,  is  ethyl  alcohol  containing  not  more  than  one 
per  cent,  by  weight  of  water.  It  is  a  mobile,  color- 
less, volatile  liquid,  having  a  spirituous  odor  and  an 
intensely  burning  taste.  Specific  gravity,  0.797  at 
60°  F. 


CEEEBRAL    DEPRESSANTS.  110 

Alcohol,  alcohol.  Contains  about  ninety-one  per 
cent,  by  weight,  or  ninety-four  per  cent,  by  volume, 
of  ethylic  alcohol,  but  no  fusel  oil.  It  is  a  transpar- 
ent, colorless,  mobile,  and  volatile  liquid,  of  a  char- 
acteristic, pungent,  and  agreeable  odor,  a  burning 
taste,  a  neutral  reaction,  is  very  inflammable,  burns 
with  a  smokeless  blue  flame,  and  has  a  specific  grav- 
ity of  0.820  at  60°  F.  It  should  be  kept  in  well- 
stoppered  glass  vessels  remote  from  lights  and  fire. 
Dose:  H.,  fl.  si.-ij-;  D-,  fl.  3  i.-ij. 

Alcohol  Diluhim,  diluted  alcohol  (45.5  per  cent, 
by  weight  [fifty-three  per  cent,  by  volume]  of  ethyl 
alcohol;  and  54.5  per  cent,  by  w^eight  [forty-seven 
per  cent,  by  volume]  of  w^ater.  Specific  gravity, 
0.928  at  60°  F. 

Spirit  us  Frumenti,  whiskey.  Obtained  by  the  dis- 
tillation of  the  mash  of  fermented  grain ;  from  rye, 
wheat,  or  corn  (United  States),  barley  (Scotch),  and 
at  least  two  years  old.  (Irish  whiskey  is  obtained 
from  potatoes.)  Contains  from  forty-four  to  fifty 
per  cent,  by  weight  of  alcohol ;  also  contains  ethers 
developed  by  the  action  of  butj^ric  and  acetic  acids 
on  the  alcohol,  and  traces  of  fusel  oil.  Dose:  H., 
fl.  3  ij.-viij. ;  D.,  fl.  3  .i-fl-  3  ij.  (always  well  diluted). 

Spirifus  Vini  GciUici,  brandy.  Obtained  by  the 
distillation  of  fermented  grape  juice,  and  at  least  four 
years  old.  Contains  from  thirty-nine  to  forty-seven 
per  cent,  by  weight  of  alcohol,  and  certain  ethers 
which  are  developed  by  age.  If  pale  it  is  colored 
from  the  cask ;  if  dark  it  is  colored  by  the  addition 
of  caramel  or  burnt  sugar.     Brandy  is  frequently 


120  VETERINARY   MATERIA   Mt:DICA. 

prepared  artificially  by  adding  to  high  wine  (alcohol) 
acetic  or  nitric  ether,  caramel,  and  logwood  or  cate- 
chu for  astringency.     Dose  same  as  of  whiskey. 

Vinum  Album,  white  wine.  Contains  ten  to  four- 
teen per  cent,  by  weight  of  alcohol.  Prepared  by 
fermenting  the  unmodified  grape  juice  (freed  from 
skins,  seeds,  and  stems) . 

Vinum  Album  Foi^tius,  stronger  white  wine. 
Contains  twenty  to  twentj^-five  per  cent,  by  weight 
of  alcohol.     (Vinum  album  7,  alcohol  1). 

Vinum  Eubrum,  red  wine.  Contains  from  ten  to 
fourteen  per  cent,  by  weight  of  alcohol.  It  is  made 
by  fermenting  the  juice  of  colored  grapes  with  their 
skins. 

Unofficial  Alcoholic  Preparations. — Proof 
Spirit.  Contains  forty-nine  per  cent,  by  weight  of 
absolute  alcohol,  with  a  peculiar  oil  and  other  foreign 
matters;  specific  gravity,  0.920. 

Rectified  Spirit.  Contains  eighty-five  per  cent,  by 
weight  of  absolute  alcohol  and  no  fusel  oil;  specific 
gravity,  0.835. 

Rum  ( Jamica  and  St.  Croix) .  From  the  distillation 
of  fermented  molasses. 

Gin.  Distilled  from  rye  or  barle}^  and  flavored 
with  juniper  berries  and  hops.  Cheaper  grades  are 
sometimes  flavored  with  oil  of  turpentine. 

Vinum  Portense,  port  wine.  Contains  from  thirty 
to  forty  per  cent,  of  alcohol. 

Vinum  Xericum,  sherry,  contains  from  twenty  to 
thirty-five  per  cent,  of  alcohol. 

Beer  contains  alcohol  two  to  three  per  cent. ;  Ale 


CEREBRAL    DEPRESSANTS.  121 

contains  alcohol  two  to  six  per  cent. ;  Porter  and 
Stout  contain  alcohol  four  to  six  per  cent. ;  also  ex- 
tract of  malt — CO2 — lactic  acid,  salts  of  K  and  Na, 
aromatics,  etc. 

Physiological  Actions  of  Alcohol.— It  is  a 
cerebral  excitant  and  depressant,  and  a  narcotic 
poison ;  also  anaesthetic,  antiseptic,  antiparasitic,  an- 
tispasmodic, antipyretic,  a  mild  counter-irritant; 
coagulates  albumen  by  abstracting  its  water;  has 
also  slight  astringent  effects.  It  is  very  diffusible, 
and  when  ingested  becomes  partly  oxidized  by  the  or- 
ganism, and  is  partly  excreted.  Small  doses  relax 
the  vessels,  stimulate  the  gastric  glands,  promote  the 
appetite  and  digestion,  decrease  the  elimination  of 
waste  products  (urea  and  COJ,  cause  a  slight  sensa- 
tion of  heat,  and  a  slight  rise  of  the  body  tempera- 
ture. Being  also  a  diffusible  stimulant,  it  briefly 
stimulates  the  heart,  increasing  the  functional  activ- 
ity of  all  organs,  partly  the  kidneys,  which  excrete 
the  unassimilated  portion  of  the  drug.  The  long- 
continued  administration  of  moderate  or  even  smaU 
doses  causes  congestion  of  the  stomach  and  liver,  im- 
pairs the  oxidizing  power  of  the  blood,  and  causes 
indigestion  and  gastric  catarrh.  Large  doses  pre- 
cipitate pepsin  and  destroy  its  activity  as  a  ferment, 
arrest  digestion,  produce  exhilaration,  intoxication, 
delirium,  muscular  incoordination,  depressed  heart, 
lowered  arterial  tension  and  bodily  temperature,  abol- 
ishment of  reflexes,  and  lastly  coma.  Toxic  doses 
cause  a  primary  period  of  excitement,  then  insensibil- 
ity, stertorous  breathing,  dilated  or  contracted  pupils, 


122  VETEKIXARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

complete  muscular  resolution,  and  death  by  paraly- 
sis of  respiration  and  heart. 

Treatment  of  Acute  Alcoholism. — Evacuate  the 
stomach  if  possible;  inhalation  of  ammonia  vapor; 
cold  affusion  to  head  and  neck,  warmth  and  friction 
to  the  extremities;  faradization  of  respiratory  mus- 
cles; mucilaginous  drinks.  Ammonium  chloride 
given  in  solution  is  said  to  restore  the  faculties  and 
to  antagonize  the  stupor. 

Therapeutics. — Alcohol,  besides  being  used  ex- 
tensively as  a  solvent  for  many  drugs  in  pharmacy 
and  the  arts,  is  sometimes  given  as  a  food,  but  only 
a  very  small  quantity  is  used  up  in  the  system,  and 
its  continued  use  is  certainly  deleterious.  It  is  given 
in  atonic  indigestion,  in  small  doses,  to  stimulate 
gastric  secretions  and  improve  the  appetite ;  in  both 
flatulent  and  spasmodic  colic,  to  expel  flatus  and  to 
relieve  spasms-  In  diarrhoea,  combined  with  sodium 
benzoateand  vegetable  astringents;  cardiac  failure  or 
weak  heart  from  fright,  chill,  or  shock ;  in  milk  fever 
of  cows,  with  strychnine,  belladonna,  and  sweet  spirit 
of  nitre;  in  epizootic  catarrh  and  sore  throat,  when 
heart  is  weak  and  respirations  quick  and  hurried — 
combine  with  spiritus  setheris  nitrosi  and  camphor, 
given  in  linseed  tea;  in  pneumonia  and  other  diseases 
of  the  respiratory  apparatus,  it  is  frequently  con- 
joined with  quinine  sulphate  and  tincture  of  aconite. 
It  is  given  in  pysemia,  septicaemia,  and  in  convales- 
cence from  all  debilitating  disorders;  also  imme- 
diately before  chloroform  ana3sthesia  to  sustain  the 
heart  and  prolong  the  chloroform  narcosis.     Exter- 


CEREBRAL    DEPRESSANTS.  123 

nall}^  it  is  rubbed  into  the  skin  as  a  mild  counter-irri- 
tant, rubefacient,  and  stimulant.  Weak  solutions 
with  carbolic  or  salicylic  acids  are  applied  to  relieve 
the  itching  of  various  skin  diseases,  as  antiseptics  to 
wounds,  bedsores,  and  to  check  hemorrhage.  An 
excellent  refrigerant  lotion  is  composed  of  alcohol 
3  iv,  acetic  acid  3  iss.,  Goulard's  extract  3  ss.,  water 
3  xij.  As  a  nutrient  tonic  and  stimulant,  hot  ale  or 
beer  is  frequently  given  in  convalescence  from  ex- 
hausting diseases;  to  the  horse  and  cattle  in  doses  of 
O  i.-ij.,  three  times  daily. 

^THER— Ether. 

The  light  compound  commonly  known  as  "sul- 
phuric ether,"  or  "ether,"  is,  correctly  speaking, 
ethylic  ether  or  ethyl  oxide — C^H.^O — and  is  prepared 
by  distilling  ethyl  hydrate  or  ethylic  alcohol  with  sul- 
phuric acid.  It  is  purified  by  treating  with  quick- 
lime and  redistillation. 

^ther,  ether,  commercial  ether,  is  a  liquid  com- 
posed of  about  seventy-four  per  cent,  of  ethyl  oxide 
and  about  twenty-six  per  cent,  of  alcohol,  containing 
a  little  water.  Specific  gravity  about  0.750  at  59°  F. 
Must  be  kept  in  well-stoppered  bottles  or  in  soldered 
tins  in  a  cool  place,  remote  from  lights  and  fire.  For 
properties  of  ether,  see  under  ^ther  Fortior.  It  is 
soluble  in  five  times  its  volume  of  water.  Used 
chiefly  externally. 

^ther  Fortior^  stronger  ether,  a  liquid  com- 
posed of  about  ninety-four  per  cent,  of  ethyl  oxide, 


124  VETEEIXARY    MATERIA    MEDIC  A. 

and  about  six  per  cent,  of  alcohol,  containing  a  little 
water.  Specific  gravity  not  higher  than  0.725  at 
59""  F.  Like  ether,  it  must  be  carefully  preserved. 
It  is  a  thin,  clear,  very  diffusive  and  colorless  liquid, 
of  a  refreshing,  characteristic  odor,  a  burning  and 
sweetish  taste,  with  a  slightly  bitter  after-taste  and 
a  neutral  reaction.  It  is  soluble  in  all  proportions, 
in  alcohol,  chloroform,  benzol,  benzine,  fixed  and 
volatile  oils,  and  dissolves  in  eight  times  its  volume 
of  water  at  59°  F.  Ether  is  highly  inflammable, 
and  its  vapor  when  mixed  with  air  and  ignited  ex- 
plodes violently.  It  is  a  solvent  for  oils,  fats,  resins, 
guncotton,  gutta-percha,  and  other  substances. 
Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  i.-ij. ;  D.,  fl.  3  ss.-i.  (always  well  di- 
luted with  cold  water,  gruel,  oil,  or  linseed  tea).  For 
general  a nsesthesia. — Dose  (by  inhalation):  H,,  fl. 
3  iij.-viij. ;  Do,  fl.  3  ij.-vi.  This  is  the  ether  which 
should  be  given  internally  and  by  inhalation. 

Preparations  of  Ether. — Spiritus  ^tlieris 
Compositus,  compound  spirit  of  ether,  Hoffmann's 
anodyne.  Contains  alcohol  67,  stronger  ether  30, 
ethereal  oil  3  parts. 

Collodmm,  collodion.  Contains  pyroxylin  4, 
stronger  ether  70,  and  alcohol  26  parts.     Local  use. 

CoUodium  Flexile,  flexible  collodion.  Contains  col- 
lodion 92,  Canada  turpentine  5,  and  castor  oil  3 
parts.     Local  use. 

CoUodium  Stypticum,  styptic  collodion.  Contains 
tannic  acid  20,  alcohol  5,  stronger  ether  20,  and  collo- 
dion 55  parts.     Local  use. 

Spiritus    ^theris    Nitrosi,    Spii^itus   Nitrico- 


CEREBRAL   DEPRESSANTS.  l25 

Dulcis,  spirit  of  nitrous  ether,  sweet  spirit  of  nitre. 
An  alcoholic  solution  of  ethyl  nitrite,  containing  five 
per  cent,  of  the  crude  ether.  Dose:  H.,  fl.  §i.-iij.; 
D.,  Tfixv.-fl.  3i. 

Physiological  Action.— Ether  is  a  cardiac  and 
cerebral  stimulant,  anodyne,  antispasmodic,  diaphor- 
etic, anthelmintic,  anaesthetic,  and  a  narcotic  poison. 
Given  internally,  it  is  one  of  the  most  powerful  stim- 
ulants to  the  secretions,  especiall}^  to  the  salivary 
glands,  stomach,  and  pancreas.  It  is  quickly  ab- 
sorbed from  the  stomach  and  intestines,  but  still 
more  rapidly  if  introduced  as  a  vapor  into  the  lungs 
by  inhalation,  and  acts  very  quickly  upon  the  central 
nervous  system,  nerve  centres,  and  nerve  endings. 
Small  doses  stimulate ;  larger  doses,  after  a  brief  pe- 
riod of  stimulation,  depress,  paralyze,  and  ansesthetize 
the  centres  of  the  brain  and  cord.  It  is  eliminated 
by  all  the  secretory  channels,  stimulating  them,  and 
in  this  way  exerts  its  expectorant,  diaphoretic,  and 
diuretic  actions ;  but  the  elimination  for  the  most  part 
is  accomplished  by  the  lungs.  If  the  vapor  is  in- 
haled there  is  at  first  a  slight  irritation  to  the  fauces, 
sometimes  causing  cough,  a  feeling  of  strangulation 
or  constriction  of  the  throat,  and  more  or  less  cerebral 
excitement  or  intoxication,  during  which  time  the 
pulse  and  respirations  are  quickened.  This  is  fol- 
lowed by  a  period  of  slight  tetanic  convulsions,  when 
the  muscles  become  rigid  and  the  breathing  stertor- 
ous. This  condition  rapidly  subsides,  complete  in- 
sensibility is  established,  the  muscles  are  relaxed, 
reflexes  are  abolished,  the  cerebral  functions  are  en- 


126  VETERINAKY   MATERIA   MEDlCA. 

tirely  suspended,  and  the  processes  of  respiration  and 
circulation  are  carried  on  only  by  the  lower  centres 
in  the  medulla.  If  the  inhalations  of  the  ether  vapor 
are  still  continued  after  this,  these  lower  centres 
also  become  paralyzed,  and  death  takes  place  by  re- 
spiratory arrest,  the  heart  usually  continuing  its  pul- 
sations for  a  long  time  after  respiration  has  ceased 
(chloroform  usually  paralyzes  the  heart).  In  order 
to  produce  general  anaesthesia,  the  ether  vapor  should 
be  inhaled  in  a  fairly  concentrated  form  for  from 
three  to  ten  minutes.  Hypodermic  injections  of 
atropine  antagonize  the  toxic  effects  of  ether  more 
effectually  than  any  other  known  drug. 

Therapeutics. — Ether  alone  or  combined  with 
chloroform  and  alcohol  in  varying  proportions  as  a 
general  anaesthetic  Ether  spray  as  a  local  anses- 
thetic ;  internally — as  an  antispasmodic  in  both  flatu- 
lent and  spasmodic  colic,  combined  with  other  ano- 
dynes and  carminatives.  Enemata  of  ether  to  allay 
abdominal  irritation;  also  to  destroy  rectal  worms. 
The  same  treatment  is  much  favored  by  French  vete- 
rinarians in  intussusception.  In  hepatic  colic — ether 
combined  with  turpentine,  to  act  as  a  solvent  for  the 
hepatic  calculi ;  as  a  prompt  and  powerful  stimulant 
in  syncope  or  collapse — if  from  exhausting  disease, 
shock,  or  hemorrhage.  In  puerperal  apoplexy  in  cat- 
tle it  is  combined  with  alcohol  or  whiskey,  and 
when  the  patients  are  unable  to  swallow  it  may  be 
given  subcutaneously.  In  convalescence  from  ex- 
hausting disease — combined  with  aromatics  and  bit-, 
ters,  improves  the  appetite,  strengthens  the  enfeebled 


CEREBRAL   DEPRESSANTS.  127 

pulse,  and  also  tends  to  relieve  cough  and  other  irri- 
tability. 

For  special  instructions  on  the  use  of  ether  as  a 
general  anaesthetic,  see  under  Chloroform.  Local 
anaesthesia,  sufficient  for  performing  short  opera- 
tions, such  as  inserting  setons,  opening  abscesses  or 
fistulse,  tendenotomy,  neurotomy,  etc.,  may  be  pro- 
duced by  3ther  spray  to  the  part,  the  amount  required 
being  from  one  to  one  and  one-half  ounces ;  but  for 
these  purposes  cocaine  is  now  generally  preferred. 
It  may  also  be  injected  hypodermically  when  imme- 
diate effects  are  required.  Externally  ether  is  some- 
times combined  with  liniments  as  an  anodyne  and 
stimulant,  but  must  be  carefully  employed  on  account 
of  its  highly  inflammable  nature. 

Spiritus  setheris  nitrosi  is  a  carminative,  antispas- 
modic, general  stimulant,  a  very  good  diaphoretic 
and  diuretic,  and  is  extensively  used  in  influenza, 
various  fevers,  pneumonia,  bronchitis,  asthma,  colic. 
It  is  excreted  chiefl}'  by  the  kidneys  and  skin ;  hence 
its  diaphoretic  and  diuretic  actions  are  very  marked. 
It  should  be  given  always  well  diluted. 

Chloroformum — Chloroform. 

Chloroform,  or  methyl  terchloride — CHCL — is  pre- 
pared by  the  action  of  chlorinated  lime  upon  alcohol, 
is  purified  (1)  by  repeated  agitation  with  water, 
which  washes  aw^ay  saline,  acid,  and  some  organic 
impurities;  (2)  shaking  with  sulphuric  acid  (free 
from  nitric  acid),  which  chars  and  removes  the  last 


128  VETERINAR   MAYTERIA    MEDICA. 

trace  of  organic  oils ;  (^)  admixture  with  slaked  lime 
aud  calcium  chloride  to  neutralize  acidity  and  take  up 
the  water;  (4)  by  very  careful  distillation.  Its  dis- 
covery is  claimed  by  Samuel  Guthrie,  of  Sacketts 
Harbor,  1831,  and  also  jointly  by  Liebig  and  Soubei- 
ran,  1832. 

Cliloroformum  Purificatum^  purified  chloroform, 
is  a  heavy,  clear,  colorless,  diffusive,  practically  non- 
inflammable  liquid,  of  a  characteristic,  pleasant, 
ethereal  odor,  a  burning,  sweet  taste,  and  a  neutral 
reaction.  Soluble  in  200  parts  of  water  and  in  aU 
proportions  in  alcohol  or  ether;  also  in  benzol,  ben- 
zin,  fixed  or  volatile  oils.  Specific  gravit}^,  1.485. 
Its  vapor  is  four  times  heavier  than  air,  and  it  is  a 
solvent  for  caoutchouc,  gutta-percha,  fats,  resins,  bal- 
sams, oils,  wax,  iodine  bromine,  and  most  of  the  al- 
kaloids. Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  i.-ij. ;  D.,  TTi  v.-x. — for  in- 
ternal medication.  Inhalation  for  anaesthesia — Dose : 
H.,  fi.  3  i.-ij. ;  D.,  fl.  3i.-iv. 

Cloroformum  Veiiale,  commercial  chloroform. 
A  liquid  containing  not  less  than  ninety-eight  per 
cent,  of  chloroform,  having  similar  properties  to  the 
former  preparation.  Specific  gravity,  1.470.  For 
local  use  only,  as  it  is  not  pure  enough  for  any  other 
purpose. 

Linimentum  Chloroformi^  chloroform  liniment. 
For  local  use  only,  is  composed  of  chloroformum 
venale  40  and  linimentum  saponis  69  parts. 

Linimentum  Chloroformi  Compositum,  com- 
pound chloroform  liniment,  a  very  excellent  anodyne 
application,  is  composed  of  chloroform  venale  1,  tur- 


CEREBRAL   DEPRESSAKTS.  120 

pentine  1,  laudanum  i,  tincture  aconite  root  i,  and 
soap  liniment  2  parts  by  measure. 

Spiritus  Chloroformi,  spirit  of  chloroform,  so- 
called  chloric  ether  (sether  chloricus).  Contains  puri- 
fied chloroform  10  and  alcohol  90  parts.  Dose:  H., 
fl.  3  i.-ij. ;  D.,  fl.  3i.-iss. 

Ancesthetic  Mixtures  contain  chloroform,  ether, 
with  or  without  alcohol,  in  varying  proportions.  The 
best  known  and  most  serviceable  are : 

A.  C.  E.,  1,  2,  3  mixture,  containing  alcohol  1, 
chloroform  purified  2,  ether  3. 

E.  C.  A.,  S,  i,  1,  Nussbaum's  mixture,  containing 
ether  3,  chloroform  1,  and  alcohol  1  part. 

Physiological  Actions  of  Chloroform.— Small 
doses  given  internally  are  carminative,  antispasmodic, 
and  analgesic.  Large  doses  cause  muscular  relaxa- 
tion and  paralyze  the  cerebro-spinal  nervous  system . 
Death  takes  place  by  paralysis  of  both  heart  and  res- 
piration, similar  to  ether,  but  its  toxic  action  is  very 
much  more  rapid  than  that  of  ether ;  hence  death  by 
chloroform  is  more  sudden.  Applied  locally,  chloro- 
form is  a  rubefacient,  a  refrigerant,  anodyne,  and 
local  anaesthetic. 

General  anaesthesia  is  produced  by  an  inhalation  of 
the  vapor,  and  shows  four  distinct  stages,  viz. :  (1) 
Stimulant— some  excitement  and  struggling;  (2) 
narcotic— muscular  relaxation,  quietude,  and  stupor; 

(3)  anesthetic— complete   anaesthesia,   insensibility; 

(4)  paralytic— death   ensuing   if   the   action   of   the 
drug  is  continued  still  further. 

In  order  to  avoid  heart  failure  or  depression,  it  is 
9 


130  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

a  very  good  plan  to  inject  hypodermically  a  small 
dose  of  morphine  and  atropine  fifteen  to  twenty 
minutes  prior  to  placing  the  animal  under  the  action 
of  an  ansesthetic.  Chloroform  as  a  rule  is  given  with 
the  admission  of  a  considerable  volume  of  air,  but 
some  prefer  to  allow  it  to  be  inhaled  without  air, 
claiming  that  under  these  circumstances  a  much  less 
quantity  is  required,  and  hence  all  dangers  are  corre- 
spondingly decreased.  During  anaesthesia  the  opera- 
tor must  carefully  watch  both  respirations  and  pulse, 
allowing  full  draughts  of  pure  air  as  soon  as  complete 
anaesthesia  is  produced ;  occasionally  gently  touching 
the  cornea  with  the  finger  to  note  if  reflex  excitabil- 
ity is  returning ;  if  so,  administer  more  chloroform. 
Never  operate  on  any  animal  unless  under  com- 
plete anaesthesia,  as  the  incomplete  stage  is  very 
dangerous,  since  in  this  condition  reflex  inhibition 
over  the  pneumogastric  upon  the  heart  may  be  the 
means  of  arresting  the  action  of  the  heart's  motor 
ganglia. 

Contra- Indications  for  Ancesthesia  are  dilata- 
tion of  the  heart,  fatty  degeneration  of  the  heart, 
kidney  disease,  emphysema  of  the  lungs,  and  brain 
tumors. 

Treatment  of  dangerous  symptoms  while  under 
the  action  of  chloroform  anaesthesia  are :  Artificial 
respiration  if  possible,  draw  tongue  forward  and  clear 
away  mucus  from  mouth,  warm  applications  and 
friction  to  body  and  limbs,  and  hypodermic  injection 
of  atropine. 

Since  chloroform    in  its  purity  is  irritant  to  the 


CEREBRAL   DEPRESSANTS.  131 

mucous  membranes,  it  must  always  be  given  well 
diluted,  else  it  may  cause  a  violent  gastro-enteritis. 

Chloroform  is  much  used  in  obstetrical  practice  to 
control  spasms  and  violent  uterine  throes  when  try- 
ing to  rectify  false  presentations ;  also  to  relax  rigid- 
ity of  the  OS  in  delayed  parturition,  and  to  relieve 
after-pains. 

Inhalations  of  chloroform  are  frequently  given  to 
relax  and  relieve  intestinal  spasms ;  also  in  the  re- 
duction of  intestinal  hernia ;  to  relieve  the  spasm  of 
tetanus ;  to  check  the  fits  of  chorea  and  epilepsy  in 
dogs ;  to  relieve  spasmodic  cough.  Externally — as  a 
local  anaesthetic,  the  same  as  cocaine;  in  liniments, 
to  rheumatic  and  painful  swellings  and  joints. 

Chloral— Chloral  (Chloral  Hydrate). 

Chloral  itself  is  trichloraldehyde — (C2HCI3O) — an 
unstable,  oily,  colorless  fluid,  formed  by  the  action  of 
chlorine  upon  alcohol.  Its  hydrate,  the  official  chlo- 
ral—  (C2HCI3O+H2O) — is  seen  as  separate,  rhomboid- 
al,  colorless,  transparent  crystals,  slowly  evaporating 
on  exposure  to  air,  having  an  aromatic,  penetrating, 
and  slightly  acrid  odor,  a  bitterish,  caustic  taste,  sol- 
uble in  less  than  its  own  weight  of  water,  in  4  parts 
of  chloroform;  also  in  alcohol,  ether,  glycerin,  fixed 
and  volatile  oils.  Its  aqueous  solution  soon  acquires 
an  acid  reaction,  but  its  alcoholic  solution  remains 
neutral.  It  liquefies  when  rubbed  with  carbolic  acid 
or  with  camphor,  and  is  readil}^  decomposed  by  alka- 
lies into  chloroform  and  a  formiate  of  the  alkaline 


132  YETERIKARY    MATERIA   ^lEDICA. 

base.  Chloral  was  discovered  by  Baron  Liebig  in 
1832,  but  was  not  employed  in  medicine  till  1869. 
It  is  prepared  by  passing  chlorine  gas  through  alcohol 
until  saturated,  then  purified  by  distillation  with 
H2SO4,  and  finally  mixed  with  H^O  to  form  the  solid 
chloral  hydrate.     Dose:  H.,   3  i.-ij. ;  D.,  gr.  v.-xx. 

Physiological  Action. — Chloral  is  a  powerful 
depressant  of  the  cerebro-spinal  centres,  a  good  hyp- 
notic and  calmative,  an  antispasmodic,  antiseptic, 
antiferment,  and  counter-irritant.  Compared  with 
chloroform  it  is  more  hypnotic  but  less  ansesthetic. 
It  cannot  be  used  subcutaneously,  as  it  is  too  irritant 
and  would  cause  extensive  sloughing  of  the  skin  at 
the  point  of  injection.  Large  or  concentrated  doses 
may  cause  severe  gastritis,  while  in  the  smaller  ani- 
mals nausea  and  vomiting  are  frequently  produced. 
Chloral  has  a  selective  action  on  the  brain,  causing  a 
cerebral  anaemia,  which  produces  a  very  normal-like 
sleep,  and  from  which  the  animal  may  be  readily 
awakened,  but  shortly  after  falls  into,  until  the  hyp- 
notic action  of  the  chloral  is  exhausted.  An  impor- 
tant point  in  chloral  narcosis  is  that  it  but  seldom 
leaves  any  bad  after-effects  or  serious  depression,  al- 
though this  is  more  noticeable  in  animals  in  which 
instead  of  producing  sleep  it  has  caused  delirium  and 
excitement.  Full  doses,  when  first  given,  briefly 
stimulate  the  heart,  but  soon  this  vital  organ  becomes 
depressed,  arterial  tension  is  lowered,  oxidation  is  di- 
minished, and  bodily  temperature  lowered.  Large 
doses  rapidly  cause  a  profound  narcotism,  abolish- 
ment of  the  reflexes  and  sensibility,  complete  muscu- 


CEREBRAL    DEPRESSANTS.  133 

lar  relaxation,  and  a  very  great  fall  in  temperature. 
Toxic  doses  cause  death  from  paralysis  of  the  car- 
diac motor  ganglia  and  the  respiratory  centre,  or  by 
sudden  heart  failure  in  fatty  degeneration,  the  heart 
being  arrested  in  diastole  with  the  right  cavities  dis- 
tended; hence  it  must  be  very  carefully  used  on 
patients  affected  with  heart  trouble  of  any  kind  or 
advanced  pulmonary  disease. 

Chloral  is  not  a  true  anodyne,  as  it  neither  inter- 
rupts the  transmission  of  pain  nor  does  it  affect  the 
conductivity  of  the  sensory  nerves,  but  overwhelms 
the  brain  centres,  thus  rendering  the  animal  uncon- 
scious of  pain;  and  hence  it  may  be  called  an  in- 
direct anaesthetic.  Chloral  is  rapidly  diffused  in  the 
blood,  being  supposed  to  set  free  chloroform  due  to  its 
decomposition  by  the  blood,  which  is  an  alkaline  fluid. 
It  increases  the  fluidity'  of  that  tissue,  crenates  the  red 
corpuscles,  in  large  quantity  destroys  the  leucocytes, 
prevents  the  coagulation  of  fibrin,  and  produces  a  gen- 
eral anaemic  condition.  It  is  excreted,  partly  un- 
changed, by  the  kidneys,  causing  some  diuresis,  and 
also  by  the  skin. 

Treatment  of  Chloral  Poisoning. — Atropine  in 
small  frequently  repeated  doses  is  the  best  antagonist, 
as  it  counteracts  the  depression  of  the  chloral  on  the 
heart,  respiration,  and  cerebro-spinal  system.  Mor- 
phine is  sometimes  given  with  chloral  to  prevent  the 
tendency  to  cardiac  failure. 

Therapeutics.— Chloral  is  given  to  quiet  irrita- 
bility and  to  cause  sleep,  to  relieve  gastro-intestinal 
irritation  and  spasm — as  in  colic.     But  as  it  is  a  topi- 


134  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

cal  irritant,  it  should  not  be  given  if  there  is  conges- 
tion or  inflammation ;  in  fevers  attended  with  excite- 
ment and  restlessness;  in  spasmodic  cough  in  all 
animals;  in  canine  asthma  and  distemper;  conjoined 
with  bromides  and  cannabis  indica  in  tetanus;  as  an 
antagonist  in  strychnine  poisoning;  in  parturient 
apoplexy  of  cattle,  attended  with  nervous  excitement; 
in  phrenitis,  chorea,  and  epilepsy.  In  obstetrics — to 
relieve  pain,  to  relax  the  os  uteri,  to  palliate  puerperal 
convulsions,  and  to  relieve  after-pains.  Externally — 
a  twenty-five  per  cent,  solution  is  used  locally  as  an 
antiseptic  and  anodyne  to  cancers  and  ulcers ;  appli- 
cations of  chloral-camphor  to  relieve  pain  and  irrita- 
bility of  neuralgic  affections,  and  the  itching  attend- 
ant upon  many  skin  troubles.  Chloral  is  always 
best  given  per  os  and  in  well-diluted  solution. 

Opium — Opium. 

The  concrete,  milky  exudation,  obtained  by  incis- 
ing the  unripe  capsules  of  Papaver  somniferum,  or 
white  poppy,  an  annual  herb,  natural  order  Papa- 
veracese,  habitat  Asia  Minor.  In  its  normal,  moist 
condition  it  should  yield  not  less  than  nine  per  cent, 
of  morphine,  when  assayed  by  the  official  process. 
It  contains  seventeen  alkaloids,  two  neutral  bodies, 
two  organic  acids;  also  wax,  gum,  sugar,  resin,  ex- 
tractives, odorous  principles,  etc.  The  six  principal 
alkaloids  of  opium  are : 

1.  Morpliina,  morphine — hypnotic,  anodyne,  and 
narcotic. 


CEREBRAL   DEPRESSANTS.  135 

2.  Codeiiia,  codeine — calmative  and  less  constipat- 
ing. 

3.  Thebama,  tbebaine — a  tetanizer  and  not  used 
medicinally. 

4.  Ncu'ceina,  narceine — regarded  as  the  most  hyp- 
notic of  the  six. 

5.  Papaverina,  papaverine — of  doubtful  action; 
supposedly  narcotic  and  convulsant. 

6.  Narcotina^  narcotine — wrongly  named,  as  it  is 
a  tetanizer  and  highly  antiperiodic. 

These  principles  are  combined  in  the  plant  with 
meconic  and  lactic  acids. 

A  derivative  of  morphine,  obtained  by  the  action 
of  HCl,  is— 

Apomorphina,  apomorphine — an  artificial  alkaloid 
and  a  powerful  emetic.  Its  hydrochlorate,  which  is 
official,  is  given  to  the  dog  in  doses  of  gr.  ^  per  os, 
or  gr.  yq-tw  subcutaneously. 

Chief  Preparations  of  Opium  used  in  veterin- 
ary practice  are : 

Opil Pulvis, -powdered  opium.  Dose:  H.,3i.-ij.; 
D.,  gr.  i-iij. 

Extractum  Opii,  extract  of  opium  (aqueous). 
Dose:  H.,   3  ss.-i. ;  D.,  gr.  -J-iss. 

Tinctura  Opii,  U.  S.  F.  (ten  per  cent.),  tincture 
of  opium,  laudanum.  Dose:  H.,  fl.  si.-ij.;  D., 
Til  viij.-xx. 

Tinctura  Opii  Camphorata,  Elixir  Paregoric, 
camphorated  tincture  of  opium,  paregoric,  elixir  pare- 
goric. Contains  powdered  opium  4,  benzoic  acid  4, 
camphor  4,  oil  of  anise  4,  glycerin  40,  and  diluted  al- 


136  VETERINARY    MATERIA   MEDICA. 

cohol  enough  to  make  1,000  parts.  Dose :  D.,  fl.  3  ss.- 
iv. 

Pulvis  Ipecacuanhce  et  Opii,  Dover's  powder. 
Contains  ipecac  1,  opium  1,  sugar  of  milk  8  parts, 
triturated  to  a  fine  powder.  Dose:  H.,  3i.-iij.; 
D.,  gr.  v.-xv. 

Preparations  of  Morphine,  etc. — Morphince 
Acetas,  acetate  of  morphine;  Morphince  Hydro- 
chloras,  hydrochlorate or  muriate  of  morphine;  3Ior- 
phince  Sulphas,  sulphate  of  morphine.  Dose:  H., 
gr.  iij.-x.;  D.,  gr.  yV" ij  subcutaneously  one-half  of 
these  doses. 

Morphina  sulphas  occurs  as  white,  feathery,  acicu- 
lar  crystals,  of  a  silky  lustre,  permanent  in  the  air, 
odorless,  having  a  bitter  taste  and  a  neutral  reaction. 
Soluble  in  24  parts  of  water,  in  702  parts  of  alcohol, 
and  in  0.75  part  of  boiling  water. 

Liquor  Morphince  Sulphatis  3Ictge?idi,  Magen- 
die's  solution  of  morphine.  Has  morphine  sulphate 
grs.  xvi.  dissolved  in  distilled  water  1  ounce. 

Liquor  Morphince  Sulphatis,  U.  S.  P.,  1870. 
Has  morphine  sulphate  gr.  i.  to  the  ounce  of  dis- 
tilled water.  (Special  care  must  be  taken  to  distin- 
guish between  these  two  solutions.) 

Codeina,  codeine.  White  or  yellowish-white, 
more  or  less  translucent,  rhombic  prisms,  somewhat 
efflorescent  in  warm  air,  odorless,  having  a  slightly 
bitter  taste  and  an  alkaline  reaction.  Soluble  in  80 
parts  of  water,  in  17  parts  of  boiling  water,  in  6 
parts  of  ether,  and  very  soluble  in  alcohol  and  in 
chloroform.     Dose:  H.,  gr.  v.-xx. ;  D.,  gr.  ;j-ij. 


CEREBRAL    DEPRESSAN"TS.  137 

Codeince  Pliosplias,  phosphate  of  codeine.  Is  giv- 
en in  the  same  doses  as  the  preceding,  but  is  much 
more  soluble  (1 :  20  of  water). 

Tests  f  07^  Morphine. — Nitric  acid  produces  a  blood- 
red,  turning  orange,  then  yellow,  then  disappearing. 
Ferric  chloride  gives  a  rich  blue  with  morphine ;  a 
dark-brown  with  meconic  acid  or  any  preparation  of 
opium.  Iodic  acid  liberates  iodine,  which  may  be 
tested  for  with  starch. 

Physiological  Action.— Opium  and  its  prepar- 
ations are  stimulant  to  the  heart  and  brain,  hypnotic, 
antispasmodic,  deliriant,  narcotic,  sedative,  myotic, 
and  diaphoretic.  These  last  two  are  not  so  prominent 
in  the  lower  animals  as  in  man.  Small  doses  in- 
crease the  heart's  action,  raise  arterial  tension,  stim- 
ulate respiration,  contract  the  pupils,  and  while  at 
first  slightly  stimulating  the  glandular  intestinal  ap- 
paratus, soon  check  all  secretions  except  sw^eat  and 
milk.  Full  doses  intensify  the  heart's  action,  cause 
more  or  less  stertorous  and  shallow  respiration,  itchi- 
ness of  the  nose,  retention  of  urine,  pulse  becoming 
gradually  irregular;  some  diaphoresis.  In  some  ani- 
mals a  deep  sleep,  in  others  delirium  and  excitement. 
Larger  doses  cause  a  weak  and  slow  pulse,  very  ir- 
regular and  stertorous  respirations,  a  cold  clammy 
sweat,  and  coma. 

Toxicology.— Death  takes  place  from  paralysis  of 
the  respiratory  centre.  Experiments  on  the  lower 
animals  by  the  writer  showed  that  they  are  relatively 
not  as  much  affected  by  opium  and  its  preparations 
as  man.     The  horse  more  usually  becomes  restless 


138  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

excited,  and  delirious  than  relapsing  into  a  sleep  or 
coma ;  the  same  is  true  of  the  bovine  species.  Again, 
in  both  of  these  animals  the  pupil  does  not  always 
respond  to  the  action  of  the  drug,  neither  is  diapho- 
resis so  readily  induced  by  it  as  in  man.  The  dog, 
however,  is  more  susceptible  to  this  drug  than  the 
equine  or  bovine,  and  although  after  a  brief  period 
of  excitement  these  animals  are  overcome  by  its  ac- 
tion, they  are  quite  readily  awakened.  Particular 
individuals  of  all  these  species,  however,  will  be 
found  quite  susceptible  to  the  action  of  opium  and  its 
preparations.  The  writer  injected  subcutaneously 
morphine  sulphate  3  i.  in  a  mare  of  one  thousand 
pounds  at  9  P.M.  In  fifteen  minutes  the  animal  ap- 
peared slightly  drowsy,  but  rapidly  became  nervous 
and  excited ;  by  9 :30  P.M.  the  pulse  was  increased  both 
in  force  and  volume,  respirations  slightly  stertorous. 
10  p. M:  Forty-five  grains  more  ^vere  injected;  pulse 
continued,  strong  and  bounding,  increased  nervous 
excitement,  pupils  somewhat  dilated.  12  P.M. :  The 
animal  appeared  still  in  about  the  same  condition,  and 
at  3  A.M.  gr.  Ix.  more  were  injected;  the  pulse  was 
now  somewhat  weaker  than  before  and  respirations 
irregular  and  laborious.  G  A.M. :  The  last  symptoms 
aggravated,  pulse  very  weak  and  irregular,  nervous 
excitement  much  abated,  insensibility  to  pain.  8.30 
A.M. :  Great  dulness,  cold  sweat,  pulse  very  small  and 
weak,  respiration  jerky  and  irregular,  pupils  con- 
tracted. Death  took  place  at  9  a.m.  Post-mortem 
examination  showed  a  wet  brain,  congested  lungs, 
blood   fluid   and   dark-colored,    engorgement  of   the 


CEREBRAL   DEPRESSANTS.  139 

venous  trunks  and  right  side  of  heart,  bladder  dis- 
tended with  a  dark- colored  urine. 

Treatment  of  Opium  Poisoning. — The  stomach 
should  be  evacuated  whenever  practicable,  respiration 
and  circulation  maintained ;  intratracheal  or  subcu- 
taneous injections  of  atropine  in  small  doses  (care- 
fully, lest  atropine  narcosis  be  substituted  for  the 
opium  narcosis).  This  is  one  of  the  most  complete 
antagonists  known.  The  animal  should  if  possible  be 
kept  in  motion,  and  the  bladder  frequently  evacuated 
to  prevent  reabsorption. 

Permanganate  of  potash  is  also  a  very  excellent 
antidote.  The  w^riter  found  that  an  aged  gelding 
poisoned  by  morphine  sulphate  3  i.  made  a  complete 
recovery  in  four  hours,  after  receiving  drachm  doses  of 
the  permanganate  every  half -hour  for  six  consecutive 
doses. 

Caffeine,  cocaine,  and  strychnine  are  also  antago- 
nistic to  some  of  the  effects  of  opium. 

Therapeutics. — The  chief  indications  for  the  use 
of  opium  or  morphine  are:  (1)  To  relieve  pain;  (2) 
to  produce  sleep;  (o)  to  allay  irritation;  (4)  to  check 
excessive  secretions;  (5)  to  support  the  system;  (0) 
as  a  sudorific.  It  should  be  carefully  used  in  very 
young  animals  or  in  old  animals;  also  in  advanced 
disease  of  the  kidneys,  respiratory  apparatus,  cardiac 
troubles,  acute  fevers,  and  obstinate  constipation. 

Opium  and  its  preparations  are  given  to  relieve 
pain  from  any  cause  except  acute  inflammation  of 
the  brain;  in  irritation  of  the  bronchi,  irritable  cough, 
irritation  of  the  bladder,  stomach,  intestinal  appara- 


140  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDIC  A. 

tus ;  in  persistent  vomiting  due  to  irritation  of  the 
vomiting  centre;  in  diarrhoea  and  dysentery — usu- 
ally with  tincture  kino  or  other  vegetable  astringent ; 
gastritis,  enteritis,  peritonitis;  muscular  rheumatism ; 
spasms,  spasmodic  colic;  in  cerebro-spinal  menin- 
gitis— to  relieve  pain  and  irritability;  tetanus;  in 
diabetes  mellitus — to  reduce  the  quantity  of  sugar; 
to  relieve  post-partum  irritability  and  straining  in 
mares,  cows,  and  bitches;  also  to  check  premature 
labor  pains.  Externally — as  a  local  anodyne  and  sed- 
ative, to  relieve  pain  and  irritability  of  wounds, 
bruises,  sores,  etc.,  see  Liquor  Plumbi  et  Opii  and 
Plumbum ;  applications  of  laudanum  and  soap  lini- 
ment to  chest  w^alls  in  pleurisy;  painful  uterine  affec- 
tions— douches  of  hot  water  and  laudanum. 

Bromine  and  Bromides. 

Bromiim,  bromine,  is  a  liquid,  non-metallic  ele- 
ment, having  the  symbol  Br,  and  is  obtained  from 
sea-water  and  certain  saline  springs.  It  is  a  dark, 
reddish-brown,  mobile  liquid,  evolving,  even  at  or- 
dinary temperature,  a  yellowish-red  vapor  highly  ir- 
ritating to  the  eyes  and  lungs,  and  having  a  peculiar, 
suffocating  odor,  resembling  that  of  chlorine.  It  is 
soluble  in  33  parts  of  water  and  very  soluble  in  both 
ether  and  alcohol.  It  is  rarely  used  medicinallj^  ex- 
cept by  inhalation  and  as  an  escharotic. 

The  Chief  Preparations  of  Bromine  used  in 
veterinary  practice  are: 

Potassii  Bromichiin,  potassium  bromide — KBr. 
Colorless,  translucent,  cubical  crystals,  permanent  in 


CEREBRAL   DEPRESSANTS.  141 

dry  air,  odorless,  having  a  pungent,  saline  taste  and 
a  neutral  reaction.  Soluble  in  l.G  parts  of  water  and 
in  200  parts  of  alcohol. 

Sodii  Bromichun,  sodium  bromide — NaBr.  Small, 
colorless  or  white,  monoclinic  prisms,  or  a  crystalline 
powder,  permanent  in  dry  air,  odorless,  having  a 
saline,  slightly  bitter  taste  and  a  neutral  or  faintly 
alkaline  reaction.  Soluble  in  1.2  parts  of  water  and 
in  13  parts  of  alcohol. 

Litliii  Bromidum,  lithium  bromide — ^LiBr.  A 
white,  granular  salt,  very  deliquescent,  odorless,  hav- 
ing a  very  sharp,  somewhat  bitter  taste  and  a  neu- 
tral reaction.  Very  soluble  both  in  water  and  in 
alcohol. 

Ammomi  Bromidum^  ammonium  bromide — 
NH.Br.  Colorless,  transparent,  prismatic  crystals,  or 
a  white  granular  salt,  becoming  yellow  on  long  expo- 
sure to  air,  odorless,  having  a  pungent,  saline  taste 
and  a  neutral  reaction.  Soluble  in  1.5  parts  of  water 
and  in  150  parts  of  alcohol. 

Calcii  Bromidum^  calcium  bromide — CaBr^.  A 
white,  granular  salt,  very  deliquescent,  odorless,  hav- 
ing a  pungent,  saline,  and  bitter  taste  and  a  neutral 
reaction.  Soluble  in  0.7  part  of  water  and  in  1  part 
of  alcohol. 

The  actions  of  these  bromides  are  very  nearly  iden- 
tical, and  their  dose  is  as  follows :    H.  and  C,  3  iv.- 
3i.;  D.,  gr.  v.-xxx. 

Campliora  Monohro7nata. — See  Camphor. 

Acidum  Hydrohromicum  Dilutum,  diluted  h3'dro- 
bromic  acid.     A  clear,  colorless,  aqueous  liquid,  con- 


142  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

taining  ten  per  cent,  of  absolute  HBr  acid,  and  used 
as  a  substitute  for  the  bromides.  Dose:  H.  and  C, 
fl.  3ss.-ij.;  D.,  m  xx.-fl.  3ij. 

Physiological  Action  of  Bromine.— It  is  an 
active  and  painful  escharotic,  a  deodorant  and  anti- 
septic, setting  free  ozone,  while  its  vapor  is  a  powerful 
irritant  to  the  eyes  and  resj^iratory  mucous  mem- 
branes, causing  cough,  sneezing,  and  dyspnoea.  In- 
ternally— it  is  an  active,  corrosive  poison,  causing 
violent  gastritis,  depression,  and  collapse. 

Physiological  Action  of  the  Bromides. — The 
bromides  all  have  a  very  salty  taste,  are  very  diffusi- 
ble, and  are  very  slowly  eliminated.  They  become 
decomposed  in  the  blood,  but  are  reformed  at  the 
points  of  elimination — the  fauces,  intestines,  skin, 
and  kidneys — where  they  sometimes  cause  much  ir- 
ritation, and  if  continued  for  some  time  indigestion 
and  even  gastric  catarrh  may  result.  The  bromides 
are  depressants  of  the  cerebral  and  spinal  functions; 
they  are  alterative,  antispasmodic,  and  h^^pnotic,  the 
potassium  salt  particularly  in  toxic  doses  being  a  car- 
diac and  muscular  paralyzant.  They  all  reduce  the 
number  of  the  respirations,  lower  the  number  and 
force  of  the  heart  beats,  and  lower  arterial  tension  by 
diminishing  the  calibre  of  the  arterioles.  The  activ- 
ity of  the  brain  cells  is  diminished,  producing  a  state 
of  somnolence  or  drowsiness,  and  the  sensibility  of 
the  peripheral  nerves  is  so  diminished  that  a  species 
of  anaesthesia  of  the  skin  and  mucous  membranes  is 
produced.  Motility  and  sexual  functions  are  some- 
what impaired.      There  is  more  or  less  emaciation, 


CEREBRAL    DEPRESSANTS.  143 

subnormal  body-temperature,  fetid  breath,  sluggish 
reflexes,  and  a  lack  of  coordination  of  movement. 
These  last  symptoms,  taken  collectively,  are  termed 
"bromism,"  and  are  probably  due  to  the  sedative  ac- 
tion of  the  bromides  upon  the  sympathetic  system, 
causing  anaemia  of  the  brain,  spinal  cord,  sexual  or- 
gans, and  skin.     Toxic  doses  destroy  life  by  asphyxia. 

Differences  in  Action  of  the  Bromides. — 
Potassium  Bromide  (containing  sixty-six  per  cent, 
of  bromine)  is  the  most  toxic  to  the  heart  and  mus- 
cular apparatus,  and  the  least  hypnotic. 

Sodium  Bromide  (containing  seventy-eight  per 
cent,  of  bromine)  is  the  least  toxic,  but  the  most 
hypnotic.  It  acts  strongly  upon  the  circulation,  but 
is  more  readily  borne  by  the  stomach  than  the  others. 

Ammonium  Bromide,  very  much  resembling  the 
potassium  salt,  has  less  influence  upon  the  heart  and 
muscular  apparatus,  but  partakes  of  the  stimulating 
properties  of  its  base. 

Lithium  Bromide  (containing  ninety-two  per  cent, 
of  bromine)  is  quite  similar  to  the  sodium  salt,  and  is 
a  very  powerful  hypnotic. 

Calcium  Bromide  is  not  very  active  except  as  a 
hypnotic. 

Incompatihles  and  Antagonists. — Incompatibles 
are  acids,  metallic  salts,  and-  nitrous  ether.  Vaso- 
motor stimulants — as  digitalis,  ergot,  and  belladonna 
— antagonize  many  effects  of  the  bromides,  but  mor- 
phine is  the  most  complete  antagonist. 

Contra- Indications  for  the  Use  of  the  Bromides. 
— Anaemic  conditions  and  weak  or  fatty  heart. 


144  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

Thekapeutics. — Cardiac  excitement — the  potas- 
sium bromide  with  digitalis.  In  epilepsy  and  chorea 
of  dogs;  in  acute  rheumatism — the  NH^Br  as  an  al- 
kali ;  in  muscular  rheumatism — the  LiBr.  The  bro- 
mides are  given  to  relieve  spasms  of  various  kinds, 
to  produce  rest,  quietude,  and  sleep — as  in  tetanus, 
colic,  cerebral  and  spinal  congestion,  etc.  In  dia- 
betes mellitus— the  NH.Br  with  As,03.  The  HBr 
acid  is  given  in  irritable  cough,  etc.,  and  in  all  cases 
in  which  the  bromides  are  indicated,  except  epilepsy. 


MOTOR  DEPRESSANTS. 

Gelsemium — ^ Yellow  Jasmine. 

The  rhizome  and  rootlets  of  Gelsemium  sempervi- 
rens,  a  climbing  plant  indigenous  in  the  Southern 
United  States,  of  the  natural  order  Loganiacese,  and 
containing  an  alkaloid  known  as  gelsemine,  in  com- 
bination with  gelsemic  acid;  also  a  resinous  sub- 
stance and  a  volatile  oil. 

Preparations. — Tinctura  Gelsemii,  tincture  of 
yellow  jasmine.  Dose:  H.,  fi.  3ij.-viij.;  D.,  lU  x.- 
fl.  3  i. 

Extractum  Gelsemii  Fluidimi,  fluid  extract  of 
yellow  jasmine.    Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  ss.-ij. ;  D.,  ttj  ij.-xx. 

Gelsemina,  gelsemine.      Dose:    H.,  gr.   :^f;  D., 

This  alkaloid  is  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  chlo- 
roform, while  its  salts — the  sulphate,  nitrate,  hydro- 


MOTOR    DEPRESSANTS.  145 

chlorate,  and  hydrobromate — are  soluble  in  water  and 
are  given  in  the  same  doses. 

Physiological  Actions. — Antispasmodic,  dia- 
phoretic, anaphrodisiac,  and  nervous  depressant. 
In  large  doses  paralyzing  motility  primarily,  and 
sensibility  by  central  action  on  the  spinal  cord,  and 
frequently  causing  convulsions.  Medium  doses  slow 
the  heart  rate  and  cause  impaired  sensibility,  en- 
feebled muscular  power,  dilated  pupils,  and  some  dia- 
phoresis. While  gelsemium  lowers  the  heart  rate,  it 
is  not  an  arterial  depressant  and  should  not  be  given 
if  the  heart  is  weak.  It  does  not  irritate  the  gastro- 
intestinal canal,  and  if  given  in  small  repeated  doses 
lowers  bodily  temperature ;  the  effect  of  a  single  me- 
dium dose  continuing  for  about  three  hours.  It  is 
excreted  chiefly  by  the  kidneys  and  skin. 

Therapeutics. — In  pneumonia  and  pleurisy,  if 
heart  is  not  yet  weakened ;  in  spasmodic  cough ;  in 
remittent  fever;  in  cerebro-spinal  meningitis;  in 
vesicular  irritability,  incontinence  of  urine,  and  dys- 
menorrhoea. 

Antagonists  are  morphine,  digitalis,  ammonia, 
and  alcohol,  ranking  in  efficacy  in  the  order  named ; 
but  the  application  of  heat  to  the  body,  artificial  res- 
piration, and  emetics  when  possible,  are  of  vital  im- 
portance to  counteract  the  toxic  effects  of  the  drug. 

Pilocarpus — Jaborandi. 

T'ae  leaflets  of  Pilocarpus  selloanus  and  of  Pilocar- 
pus jaborandi,  Brazilian  plants  of  the  natural  order 
Eutacese,  containing  an  amorphous  liquid  alkaloid, 
10 


146  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

pilocarpine,  which  is  soluble  in  alcohol,  ammonia, 
ether,  chloroform,  and  dilute  acids,  forming  crystal- 
lizable  salts — the  nitrate  and  hydrochlorate  being 
chiefly  used.  Another  alkaloid — jaborine — also  oc- 
curs, but  only  in  small  quantity,  and  physiologically 
it  is  antagonistic  to  pilocarpine. 

Preparations. — Extr actum  Pilocarpi  Fluidum^ 
fluid  extract  of  pilocarpus.  Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  ij.-viij. ; 
D.,  m  x.-fl.  3i. 

Pilocarpince  Hydrochloras,  hydrochlorate  of  pilo- 
carpine; Pilocarpince  Nitras,  nitrate  of  pilocarpine. 
Dose:  H.,  gr.  ij.-v. ;  D.,  gr.  iV-i;  for  subcutaneous 
injection. 

Physiological  Action.— Jaborandi  stimulates 
peripheral  nerve  endings  supplying  involuntary  mus- 
cular fibre  and  glands;  is  also  a  paralyzer  of  the 
vasomotor  system,  a  diaphoretic,  a  sialogogue,  and 
depresses  the  heart  by  stimulation  of  the  vagus  ends. 
Its  m.joi\G  and  emetic  properties  are  not  well  marked 
on  the  lower  animals,  excepting  the  canine  species. 
The  same  is  true  of  its  diaphoretic  action,  which  in 
the  dog  is  quite  prominent,  but  on  the  horse  and  ox 
is  quite  uncertain  and  can  only  be  induced  if  the  ani- 
mal be  heavily  clothed  and  given  warm  drinks  along 
with  full  doses  of  the  drug.  The  nasal,  buccal,  bron- 
chial, and  lachrymal  secretions  are  very  much  in- 
creased, and  sometimes  a  water}^  diarrhoea  accom- 
panies the  administration  of  the  drug,  due  to  its 
powerful  stimulant  effect  upon  the  muscular  coat  of 
the  intestines  as  well  as  on  the  intestinal  glandular 
apparatus.     When  first  given,  the  cardiac  actiou  is 


MOTOR    DEPRESSANTS.  147 

increased,  but  afterward  decreased,  arterial  tension  is 
lowered,  and  bodily  temperature  falls  from  1°  to  4°  F. 
The  elimination  of  urea  is  greatly  increased,  but  the 
amount  of  urine  voided  is  not  increased ;  the  respira- 
tory power  is  lowered,  and  apnoea  may  occur  from 
accumulation  of  the  increased  mucous  secretion. 
Pilocarpus  is  rapidly  diffused  and  is  eliminated  by 
the  skin  and  saliv^arj'  glands,  its  effects  continuing 
for  from  three  to  six  hours.  It  causes  contractions 
of  the  bladder,  spleen,  and  uterus;  hence  must  be 
cautiously  used  in  pregnant  animals. 

Antagonists. — Morphine  and  strychnine  counter- 
act some  of  its  effects,  but  atropine  is  the  most  com- 
plete antagonist. 

Therapeutics. — Pilocarpus  assists  in  the  absorp- 
tion of  pleuritic  and  other  serous  effusions,  is  used  in 
rheumatism,  chronic  eczema,  and  with  other  expecto- 
rants in  catarrhal  pneumonia ;  in  inflammation  of  the 
brain,  meningitis,  laminitis,  azoturia,  erysipelas,  and 
various  dropsical  affections ;  in  torpidity  of  the  boAV- 
el,  obstinate  constipation,  and  colic — combined  with 
physostigmine ;  in  diabetes  insipidus — to  reduce  the 
quantity  of  the  urine  by  throwing  the  eliminative 
work  upon  the  skin ;  it  also  gives  prompt  relief  in 
parotitis. 

Physostigma— Calabar  Bean. 

(Faba  Calabarica.) 

The  seeds  of   Physostigma  venenosum,  or  ordeal 

plant,   natural  order  Leguminosse,  a  w^oody  creeper 

of  Calabar,  West  Africa.     It  contains,  besides  albu- 


148  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

minous  matters,  starch,  oil,  and  an  alkaloid,  known 
as  eserine,  phj^sostigmine,  or  calabrine  (some  writers 
claim  a  second  alkaloid  for  the  Calabar  bean,  and 
designate  this  as  calabarine). 

Chief  Preparations. — Faba  Calabarica,  Cala- 
bar bean  (powdered).  Dose:  H.  and  C,  gr.  xv.- 
XXX. ;  D.,  gr.  \-^. 

PhysostigmincB  Salicylas,  physostigmine  (eser- 
ine) salicylate.  Colorless,  shining,  acicular,  or  short 
columnar  crystals,  gradually  turning  reddish  w^hen 
long  exposed  to  light  and  air,  odorless,  having  a  bit- 
ter taste  and  a  neutral  reaction.  Soluble  in  130 
parts  of  water  and  in  12  parts  of  alcohol.  The  aque- 
ous, also  alcoholic  solution,  when  exposed  to  light 
for  a  short  time,  turns  reddish  and  should  be  dis- 
carded. 

Physostigmince  Sulphas,  physostigmine  (eserine) 
sulphate.  In  appearance  and  properties  resembles 
the  salicylate.  Dose  of  either  of  these  salts,  subcu- 
taneously  or  intratracheally :  Dose:  H.,  gr.  i.-iss. ; 
D.,  gr.  T0-2V;  per  OS,  H.,  gr.  ij.-iij.;  D.,  gr.  -j^-^. 

Lamellce  Fhysostigmce,  disks  of  physostigmine, 
medicated  disks.  Used  locally  on  the  eye,  each  con- 
taining gr.  yoV^- 

Physiological  Action.— Physostigma  is  a  pow- 
erful muscular  stimulant  and  direct  spinal  paralyzer, 
capable  of  producing  a  complete  general  paralysis 
and  abolishment  of .  the  reflexes  without  affecting 
muscular  irritability  or  the  brain.  Secretions  are 
stimulated,  nausea  and  vomiting  are  induced,  par- 
ticularly in  carnivora.     Its  cathartic  properties  are 


MOTOR   DEPRESSAKTS.  140 

brought  about  by  its  powerful  stimulation  of  the  in- 
testinal walls,  as  well  as  by  increasing  the  amount  of 
intestinal  secretion,  thus  rapidly  causing  the  expul- 
sion of  gas  and  faeces  (in  the  horse  within  fifteen  to 
thirty  minutes  after  intratracheal  injection).  The 
frequency  of  tlie  heart  beats  are  increased,  but  de- 
creased in  force,  while  arterial  tension,  though  at  first 
lowered,  is  raised.  Over-doses  cause  dyspnoea  by  a 
tetanic  action  on  the  respiratory  muscles,  death  taking 
place  from  CO^  poisoning  induced  by  the  paralysis  of 
respiration.  Physostigmine  contracts  the  pupil  and 
the  ciliary  muscle,  producing  a  marked  myosis  and 
reducing  intraocular  pressure.  Its  myotic  effects  are 
noticeable  in  the  horse  thirty  minutes  after  adminis- 
tration ;  in  carnivora,  in  from  fifteen  to  twenty  min- 
utes. The  elimination  of  physostigmine,  while  exe- 
cuted to  some  extent  by  bile,  saliva,  and  gastric 
fluids,  is  accomplished  chiefly  by  the  kidneys,  the 
urine  of  an  animal  under  its  action  being  capable  of 
poisoning  another. 

Antagonists,  for  its  effect  on  the  heart,  respiration, 
and  pupil,  are  atropine  and  chloral  hydrate. 

Therapeutics. — In  colic  due  to  intestinal  obstruc- 
tion, etc.,  constipation,  intestinal  torpor— physostig- 
mine combined  with  equal  quantity  of  pilocarpine. 
In  tetanus— to  diminish  reflex  excitability;  in  cho- 
rea, epilepsy,  and  as  antagonists  in  strychnine  and 
atropine  poisoning;  in  eye  diseases,  as  a  myotic,  to 
relieve  congestion  and  inflammation  of  the  eyeball, 
to  reduce  intraocular  tension,  and,  alternated  with 
atropine,  to  reduce  adhesions  of  the  iris;  also  to  re- 


150  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

lieve  pain  and  to  prevent  photophobia.  Chronic 
dropsical  conditions  of  articulations  and  bursse  of 
tendons  of  the  horse,  after  removing  the  fluid  by  the 
aspirator — the  cavity  is  injected  vy^ith  a  one-per-cent. 
solution  of  phj^sostigmine,  and  ice  or  refrigerant  lo- 
tions applied  for  several  daj^s  to  combat  the  resulting 
inflammation  (Stottmeister). 

Caution. — Preparations  of  Calabar  bean  should 
never  be  used  in  pregnant  animals,  as  the  drug  stim- 
ulates the  muscular  fibre  of  the  uterus,  thus  some- 
times causing  abortion  or  miscarriage. 

AcoxiTUM — Aconite. 
(Syn. — Wolfsbane,  Monkshood,  Blue  Rocket.) 

The  tuberous  root  of  Aconitum  napellus,  natural 
order  Ranunculaceae,  a  perennial  plant  found  in  moun- 
tainous regions,  and  containing  about  .03  per  cent,  of 
an  active  alkaloid  known  as  aconitine,  in  combina- 
tion with  aconitic  acid.  Other  varieties  of  aconite 
are  said  to  contain  several  other  principles,  concern- 
ing which  there  is  much  division  of  opinion — viz.  : 
napelline,  aconine,  pseudaconitine,  lyctonine,  etc. 
But  it  is  generally  conceded  that  Aconitum  ferox, 
from  Nepaul,  contains  pseudaconitine,  which  is  much 
more  active  than  aconitine.  Also  that  a  Japanese 
variety  contains  an  alkaloid  known  as  japaconitine, 
which  is  said  to  be  even  stronger  j^et  than  pseudacon- 
itine. 

Preparations. — Ext r actum  Aconiti,  extract  of 
aconite.     Dose:  H.,  gr.  i.-v.;  D.,  gr.  i-^. 


MOTOR    DEPRESSANTS.  151 

Extractiim  Aconiti  Fluidiun,  fluid  extract  of  aco- 
nite.    Dose:  H.,  m  v.-xx. ;  D.,  TTi  ^i. 

Tinctura  Aconiti,  U.  S.  P.,  tincture  of  aconite 
(thirtj^-five  per  cent.).  Dose:  H.,  ^,  xv.-xl. ;  D., 
TTi  ss.-iij. 

Tinctura  Aconiti,  Fleming's,  Fleming's  tincture 
of  aconite  (seventy-nine  per  cent.).  Dose:  H., 
TTi  viij.-xv. ;  D.,  TTi  i-f.  Now  almost  obsolete  and 
not  so  reliable  as  the  fluid  extract. 

Aconitina,  aconitine.  White,  flat  crystals,  of  a 
feebly  bitter  taste;  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and 
chloroform;  incompatible  with  alkalies,  tannin,  and 
mercurial  salts.  Difficult  to  obtain  of  a  constant  and 
reliable  strength.  The  most  reliable  are  Squibb's  ni- 
trate  of   aconitine  and    aconitinum  purum,  Merck. 

Used  hypodermically  on  the  horse  in  doses  of  gr. 
_i i_ 

30     2  0* 

Oleatum  Aconitince,  oleate  of  aconite  (two  per 
cent.) .     For  local  use  only. 

Physiological  Action. — Aconite  and  its  prepa- 
rations are  sensory,  cardiac,  respiratory,  and  spinal 
depressants  of  great  activity  and  power;  also  antipy- 
retics, diaphoretics,  and  diuretics,  its  antipyretic  ac- 
tion being  due  to  its  sedative  action  upon  the  heart 
and  respiration ;  hence  its  use  is  indicated  at  the  off- 
set of  acute  inflammatory  diseases.  Small  doses, 
given  upon  the  tongue,  soon  cause  a  sensation  of 
numbness  and  a  persistent  tingling  of  the  lips  and 
tongue.  Full  doses  cause  a  feeling  of  constriction  of 
the  fauces,  irritation  of  the  gastro-intestinal  mucous 
membrane,  with  increased  secretion,  sometimes  with 


152  VETERIN'ARY   MATERIA   MEDlCA. 

a  slight  diarrhoea.  In  the  horse — movements  as  of 
degkitition  ;  in  the  dog — nausea  and  sometimes  vom- 
iting. Alv^^ays  more  or  less  salivation,  diai3horesis, 
and  diuresis;  reduced  respiratory  power,  due  to  de- 
pression of  respiratory  centre,  as  well  as  the  reduced 
circulation;  decreased  heart  rate  and  force;  lowered 
arterial  tension  and  temperature.  Toxic  doses  pro- 
duce great  muscular  weakness,  impairment  of  vision, 
pupils  sometimes  dilated,  occasionally  contracted; 
shallow,  irregular,  and  labored  respiration;  a  slow, 
weak  pulse ;  coldness  and  numbness  of  body  and  ex- 
tremities; clammy  sweat;  abolishment  of  reflexes, 
sensation,  and  motility.  The  temperature  is  low- 
ered from  2°  to  3°  F.,  and  death  takes  place  from 
paralysis  of  heart  and  respiration,  with  or  without 
convulsions,  consciousness  being  preserved  until 
near  the  end,  when  CO2  poisoning  sets  in.  Post- 
mortem examination  shows  shrunken  lungs,  contain- 
ing but  little  blood ;  trachea  and  bronchi  containing 
much  frothy  mucus;  right  side  of  heart  greatly  dis- 
tended with  blood,  while  left  side  is  almost  empty; 
ecchymotic  spots  found  in  lungs,  pleura,  and  endo- 
cardium; digestive  organs  do  not  appear  seriously 
affected. 

Aconite  acts  chiefly  upon  the  peripheral  ends  of  the 
sensory  nerves,  but  paralyzes  both  motor  as  well  as 
sensory  nerves,  the  latter  being  affected  first  and  from 
the  periphery  inward,  while  the  motor  nerves  are 
affected  from  the  centres  outward.  While  not  affect- 
ing the  brain,  it  relaxes  the  cardiac  inhibitory  appa- 
ratus, paralyzes  the  heart  muscle  and  its  contained 


MOTOR    DEPRESSANTS.  153 

ganglia,  the  respiratory  centres,  and  the  spinal  cord 
in  all  its  functions  (motor,  sensor}-,  and  reflex). 
Aconite  is  slowly  eliminated  but  rapidly  absorbed, 
and  its  action  continues  for  from  three  to  four  hours ; 
the  elimination  being  accomplished  chiefly  by  the 
kidneys,  increasing  both  the  solid  as  well  as  fluid 
constituents  of  the  urine.  Applied  externally,  it 
paralyzes  the  sensory  nerve  endings  of  the  part; 
hence  acts  as  a  local  anodyne  and  relieving  pain. 

Aconite  Compared  with  Digitalis. — Aconite 
at  first  stimulates,  but  soon  relaxes  inhibition  and 
depresses  the  cardiac  motor  ganglia.  Digitalis  in- 
creases inhibition  and  stimulates  the  heart  muscle. 
Both  drugs  finally  paralj'ze  the  heart — aconite  by  di- 
rect depression,  digitalis  by  over-stimulation.  Aco- 
nite arrests  the  heart  in  diastole,  digitalis  in  systole. 
Aconite  lowers  arterial  tension,  digitalis  raises  it. 
Aconite  acts  quickly,  digitalis  very  slowly.  Both 
slow  the  heart,  but  otherwise  antagonize  each  other 
in  their  cardiac  actions. 

Antagonists  and  Antidotes. — Caffeine,  atropine, 
morphine,  ether,  ammonia,  and  amyl  nitrite  antago- 
nize its  action  on  the  heart  and  respiration.  Digitalis 
counteracts  its  heart  action  and  the  relaxation  of  car- 
diac inhibition,  but  as  it  acts  only  slowly  is  not  of 
much  service  in  aconite  poisoning.  Evacuate  stom- 
ach if  possible,  apply  warmth  and  friction  to  extrem- 
ities, stimulants;  in  small  patients — artificial  respir- 
ation ;  always  recumbent  position. 

Therapeutics. — Aconite  is  given  in  carefully 
regulated  doses  in  pyrexia;  in  enteritis,  peritonitis, 


154  YETERTXARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

laminitis,  acute  rheumatism,  acute  inflammations  of 
the  respiratory  apparatus,  and  acute  throat  affections; 
in  simple  and  eruptive  fevers,  puerperal  and  surgical 
fever,  diarrhoea  and  dysentery  from  cold  or  exposure ; 
in  colic — combined  with  purgatives ;  in  constipation 
of  plethoric  animals,  with  hot,  dry,  feverish  skin. 
Aconite  liniments  are  used  externally  to  relieve  pain 
and  irritability,  but  must  not  be  applied  over  too 
large  a  surface,  as  there  might  be  absorption  enough 
to  poison  the  animal. 

Veratrum — Hellebore. 

Varieties  of  Veratrum. — Veratrum  viride,  Amer- 
ican hellebore  or  poke  root  (natural  order  Liliacese) ; 
Veratrum  album,  European  hellebore ;  and  Veratrum 
sabadilla,  or  Asagroea  officinalis,  the  Mexican  variet3\ 
Of  these  the  first  only  is  official  in  the  U.  S.  P.,  but 
an  alkaloid  or  mixture  of  alkaloids  from  the  seeds  of 
the  Mexican  variety  is  also  recognized  under  the 
name  of  veratrine. 

The  alkaloids  contained  in  each  plant  are  as  fol- 
lows: In  veratrum  viride -jervine,  .pseudo-jervine, 
cevadine,  rubi jervine.  In  veratrum  album — jervine, 
pseudo-jervine,  veratralbine,  rubijervine.  In  vera- 
trum sabadilla — veratrine,  cevadine,  cevadilline. 

Veratroidine  is  now  considered  a  mixture  of  rubi- 
jervine and  a  toxic  resin. 

Preparations. — Extractum  Veratri  Viridis 
Fluidum,  fluid  extract  of  American  hellebore  root. 
Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  ss.-i. ;  D.,  m  J^^. 

Tinctura  Veratri  Viridis,  tincture  of  American 


MOTOR  DEPRESSANTS.  155 

hellebore  root  (fifty  per  cent.).     Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  ss.- 

ij.;  D.,  m-H- 

Veratrum  Viride  (Put vis),  powdered  poke  root. 
Dose:  H.,   3  ss.-i. ;  D.,  gr.  yVi- 

Veratrina,  veratrine.  An  alkaloid  or  mixture  of 
alkaloids  obtained  from  the  seeds  of  Asagroea  offici- 
nalis, natural  order  Melanthaceae.  A  white  or  gray- 
ish-white, amorphous,  rarely  crystalline  powder,  per- 
manent in  the  air,  odorless,  of  a  distinctive  acrid 
taste,  leaving  a  sensation  of  tingling  and  numbness 
upon  the  tongue,  producing  constriction  of  the  fauces, 
and  highly  irritant  to  the  mucous  membranes  of  the 
upper  air  passages.  It  is  very  slightly  soluble  in  cold 
or  hot  water,  imparting  to  it  an  acrid  taste  and  a  fee- 
bly alkaline  reaction.  It  is  soluble  in  3  parts  of  alco- 
hol, in  6  parts  of  ether,  in  2  of  chloroform,  in  96  of 
glycerin,  and  in  56  parts  of  olive  oil.  Dose:  H.,  gr. 
:^ij. ;  D.,  gr.  5V-T0 ;  hypodermically,  one-half  of  these 
doses. 

Oleatum  Veratrince,  oleate  of  veratrine  (two  per 
cent.);  Unguentum  Veratrince,  ointment  of  vera- 
trine (four  per  cent.).     For  local  use  only. 

Physiological  Action.— Veratrum  viride  is  a 
powerful  depressant  to  the  heart  and  spinal  functions, 
a  spinal  paralyzant,  and  closely  resembles  aconite, 
from  which  it  differs  in  being  a  systemic  emeto- 
cathartic,  in  paralyzing  the  motor  system  centrally, 
impairing  the  reflexes,  but  in  having  but  slight  ac- 
tion upon  sensation,  and  in  being  practically  devoid 
of  diaphoretic  and  diuretic  action.  Small  doses  re- 
duce the  force  of  the  pulse,  and  only  affect  the  fre- 


156  VETERINAKY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

quency  of  the  pnlse  when  continued  for  some  time. 
It  at  times  causes  considerable  depression,  muscular 
weakness,  nausea,  and  vomiting.  Large  doses  make 
the  pulse  very  small,  rapid,  and  almost  imperceptible, 
and  frequently  cause  gastro-enteritis.  Respiration  is 
not  nearly  so  much  affected  as  by  aconite.  Toxic 
doses  cause  a  fatal  cardiac  paralysis,  preceded  by 
coldness  of  surface,  impaired  vision,  constant  vomit- 
ing, and  sometimes  partial  unconsciousness. 

Jervine  partly  represents  the  depressant  action  on 
the  circulation  and  on  the  central  nervous  system, 
while  it  does  not  affect  the  vagus,  and  but  very 
slightly  the  voluntary  muscles  or  motor  nerves.  It 
irritates  the  motor  centres  in  the  brain,  causing  con- 
vulsions; it  lowers  the  functions  of  the  cord,  of  the 
centres  in  the  medulla,  especially  the  vasomotor, 
and  those  of  the  cardiac  ganglia,  slowing  the  heart  by 
direct  depression  either  of  the  cardiac  muscle  or  its 
motor  apparatus.  It  always  causes  salivation,  but 
never  vomiting  or  purging ;  it  kills  by  asphj^xia,  the 
heart  beating  after  respiration  has  ceased. 

Veratroidine  always  causes  emeto-catharsis,  pro- 
duces less  violent  convulsions,  stimulates  the  vagus 
centre,  and  paralyzes  the  vagus  ends ;  depresses  the 
cord  and  paralyzes  the  respiratory  centre,  but  at  the 
same  time  increases  the  excitability  of  the  vasomotor 
centre.  The  result  is  a  great  slowing  of  the  pulse 
rate  and  of  respiration,  lowering  of  the  blood  pressure, 
until  the  carbonized  blood  irritates  the  vasomotor 
centre,  when  blood  pressure  greatly  rises. 

Veratrum  album  contains  a  very  powerful  alkaloid, 


MOTOR   DEPRESSANfg.  157 

veratralbine,  and  also  an  irritant  poisonous  resin.  In 
action  it  greatly  resembles  its  congener,  but  is  much 
more  irritant  to  the  gastro-intestinal  mucous  mem- 
brane, causes  violent  vomiting  and  purging,  intense 
abdominal  and  oesophageal  pain,  greatly  reduced  tem- 
perature and  pulse,  collapse,  and  death  from  paraly- 
sis of  heart  and  respiration. 

Yeratrine  causes  free  salivation,  affects  the  heart 
and  circulation  similarly  to  the  other  veratrise,  besides 
being  a  direct  poison  to  muscular  tissue.  The  alka- 
loids jervine  and  rubijervine  both  depress  the  circula- 
tion, while  the  latter  produces  the  emeto-catharsis. 

Veratrum  poisoning  should  be  treated  in  the  same 
manner  as  aconite  poisoning. 

Therapeutics. — Veratrum,  although  inferior  to 
aconite  in  fevers  and  inflammations,  because  of  its 
lack  of  power  over  excretions,  is  an  excellent  sedative 
in  the  treatment  of  aneurism,  simple  hypertrophy, 
and  irritable  heart ;  in  puerperal  convulsions  and  fe- 
vers; in  the  earlier  stages  of  parenchymatous  and 
serous  inflammations,  particularly  in  pneumonia 
and  enteritis;  in  rheumatism,  laminitis;  hypodermic 
injections  of  veratrine  in  the  affected  muscles  in 
rheumatism  and  muscular  atony ;  also  externally  to 
relieve  neuralgic  pains,  and  as  an  insecticide. 

Flores  ARNiciE — Arnica  Flowers. 

The  flowering  heads  of  Arnica  Montana,  natural 
order  Compositse,  a  perennial  plant  of  the  mountain- 
ous regions  of  the  northern  hemisphere.  It  is  some- 
times known  as  leopard's  bane,  and  contains  a  gluco- 


158  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDIC  A. 

side-like  principle — arnicin — which  is  insoluble  in 
water;  also  about  one  per  cent,  of  an  essential  oil, 
with  inulin,  tannin,  mucilage,  resins,  capronic  and 
caprylic  acids,  and  trimethylamine,  which  is  thought 
to  be  the  active  principle,  and  which  is  yielded  by 
the  essential  oil. 

Tinctura  Arnicce  Florum  (twenty  per  cent.),  tinc- 
ture of  arnica  flowers,  is  the  chief  preparation. 
Dose:  H.,  fl.  3ss.-i.;  D.,  fiiv.-x.  This  preparation 
is  used  mostly  externally,  more  or  less  diluted.  The 
bruised  and  moistened  flowers  are  also  sometimes 
used  as  a  i3oultice.  Internally  its  action  is  said  to 
be  uncertain,  but  it  has  been  used  with  good  results 
in  pulmonary  congestion  and  lymphangitis  by  Pro- 
fessor Williams  and  others,  who  claim  that  it  quick- 
ens the  cutaneous  circulation.  It  is  an  irritant, 
stimulant,  depressant,  antipyretic,  diuretic,  and  vul- 
nerar3\  Small  doses  increase  the  heart's  action  and 
stimulate  the  action  of  tlie  skin  and  kidneys.  Large 
doses  depress  the  heart  and  respiration,  and  reduce 
temperature.  Toxic  doses  paralyze  the  entire  nervous 
system,  causing  collapse  and  death.  Internally — it 
is  employed  in  rheumatism,  lymphangitis,  inflamma- 
tions of  serous  membranes,  in  chronic  dj'sentery,  ty- 
phoid fevers,  paralysis  of  bladder,  chorea,  concussion 
of  brain,  etc.  Externally — to  bruises,  contusions, 
sprains,  wounds,  cuts,  harness  and  saddle  galls. 

The  Nitrites. 

Amyl  Nitris,  amyl  nitrite — C^Hj^NO^ — is  a  clear, 
yellowish,    oily   liquid,  of  a  powerful  and  ethereal 


MOTOR   DEPRESSANTS.  159 

odor,  extremely  volatile,  insoluble  in  water,  but  solu- 
ble in  alcohol,  ether,  and  chloroform.  It  is  obtained 
by  the  reaction  of  nitrous  or  nitric  acid  upon  amylic 
alcohol.     Dose:    H.,  fl.  3  ss.-ij. ;  D.,  mi. -v. 

Glonoiimm,  glonoin,  glyceryl  trinitrate,  trinitrin, 
nitroglycerin— C3H,(N03) 3— is  a  clear,  oily  liquid, 
insoluble  in  water,  but  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  is  pro- 
duced by  the  reaction  of  HNO3  and  H^SO,  upon  glyc- 
erin. It  is  a  very  explosive  compound,  and  is  there- 
fore usually  kept  only  in  one-per-cent.  solution  in 
alcohol,  which  is  known  as — 

Tinctura  Triniiriiii,  one  per  cent. ;  Spirittis 
Glonoini,  one  per  cent.     Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  ss.-ij.;  D., 

TTISS.-X. 

Sodii  Nitris,  sodium  nitrite ;  Potassce  Nitris,  po- 
tassium nitrite.  Dose:  H.,  gr.  xv.-3iss. ;  D.,  gr. 
ss.-iij. 

Etliyli  Nitris,  ethyl  nitrite— C^H.NO^— constitutes 
about  five  per  cent,  of  spiritus  eetheris  nitrosi.  (See 
under  ^ther). 

Physiological  Action.— The  nitrites  are  said  to 
produce  great  vascular  dilatation,  and  consequently 
lower  blood  pressure.  They  are  all  muscle  poisons  in 
large  doses.  They  create  a  tumultuous  action  of  the 
heart  by  relaxing  its  inhibitory  apparatus ;  they  di- 
minish sensation,  motion,  and  reflexes;  they  lower 
body  temperature  and  respiration. 

The  amyl  nitrite  is  the  most  prompt  but  less  endur- 
ing in  action,  and  is  best  given  by  inhalation.  The 
nitroglycerin  is  less  prompt,  less  violent,  but  more 
lasting  in  action,  and  most  suitable  for  internal  use. 


IGO  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

Therapeutics. — The  nitrites  are  employed  in  an- 
gina pectoris,  asthma,  epilepsj^,  spasmodic  cough, 
vomiting  and  nausea,  puerjDeral  convulsions,  chronic 
interstitial  nephritis,  tetanus. 


ANTIZYMOTICS,    ANTIPYRETICS,    ANTI- 
PERIODICS. 

The  cinchona  alkaloids  are  the  most  powerful  of 
these,  and  have  already  been  described. 

Antipyrinum — Antipyrin. 

(Syn. — Phenazone,  Methozine,  Analgesine,  Dimethyl- 

phenylpy  razolon . ) 

A  synthetical  base,  which  forms  salts  analogous  to 
the  ammonia  compounds,  and  is  a  product  of  the  de- 
structive distillation  of  coal  tar.  It  may  also  be 
prepared  synthetically.  It  occurs  as  a  whitish,  crys- 
talline, odorless  powder,  which  combines  with  acids 
to  form  salts ;  slightly  bitter  taste,  soluble  in  its  own 
weight  of  water,  in  alcohol,  and  chloroform,  but  not 
so  readily  soluble  in  ether.  It  is  best  given  alone,  as 
it  is  incompatible  with  many  drugs,  the  more  impor- 
tant of  which  are  tannic  and  prussic  acids,  chloral  hy- 
drate, preparations  of  cinchona  bark,  ferric  salts  in  so- 
lution, infusions  and  tinctures  containing  tannin  and 
quinine,  tincture  of  iodine,  and  corrosive  sublimate. 

In  action  it  is  a  powerful  antipyretic,  antirheu- 
matic, antineuralgic,  antiseptic,  and  haemostatic. 
Large  doses  are  apt  to  irritate  the  gastro-intestinal 
mucous  membranes,  and  in  the  dog  to  cause  vomit- 


AKTIZYMOTirS,  ANTIPYRETICS,   ANTIPERIODICS.  161 

iiig.  This  may  be  avoided  by  giving  the  drug  in 
aerated  water.  It  is  rapidly  absorbed  and  but  slowly 
eliminated,  which  last  process  is  carried  on  chiefly  by 
the  kidneys.  It  does  not  lower  the  body  tempera- 
ture in  health,  but  has  great  power  to  do  so  in  ab- 
normal body  temperature,  w^hether  given  internally, 
subcutaneously,  or  intratracheally.  Its  effects  as  a 
febrifuge  are  due  to  diminished  heat-production. 
Occasionally  it  will  produce  a  profuse  perspiration, 
vertigo,  collapse,  and  in  the  dog  at  times  a  rash  re- 
sembling that  of  measles.  Antipyrine  may  be  given 
in  all  febrile  and  inflammatory  diseases,  influenza, 
acute  muscular  and  articular  rheumatism,  and  dia- 
betes insipidus,  in  doses  for  the  horse  of  3  i.-iv. ;  for 
the  dog,  gr.  v.-xx.  Externally— it  is  employed  in 
five-  to  ten-per-cent.  solutions  as  a  haemostatic ;  sub- 
cutaneous injections  of  the  drug  are  used  to  relieve 
pain  and  nervous  irritability  in  the  treatment  of  colic 
(dose  about  one-third  of  that  per  os). 

ACETANILIDUM — ACETANILID. 

(Known  also  as  Phenyl   Acetamide,   Antifebrin  [a 
trade  name].) 

Acetanilid  is  obtained  by  the  reaction  of  glacial 
acetic  acid  on  anilin.  It  occurs  as  colorless  or  whit- 
ish, shining,  odorless  crystals,  having  a  slightly 
burning  taste  and  a  neutral  reaction.  Soluble  in  190 
parts  of  cold  water,  in  18  parts  of  boiling  water,  and 
in  H  parts  of  alcohol ;  also  soluble  in  chloroform  and 
ether.  Dose:  H.,  Si.-ij.;  D.,  gr.  v.-xv. 
11 


162  VETERINART    MATERIA    MEDIC  A. 

Physiological  Action. — Acetanilid  is  a  power- 
ful antipyretic,  analgesic,  and  antispasmodic,  anti- 
rheumatic, antineuralgic,  diaphoretic,  and  slight 
antiseptic.  Its  action  somewhat  resembles  that  of 
antipyrine,  but  while  this  is  manifested  more  slowly 
it  continues  for  a  much  longer  period — i.e.^  about  six 
hours.  It  is  a  cerebral,  muscular,  and  vasomotor 
stimulant,  and  leaves  no  ill  after-effects,  such  as  some- 
times follow  the  administration  of  antipyrine. 

Therapeutics. — It  is  used  in  the  same  diseases 
in  which  antipj^rine  is  administered,  and  also  exter- 
nally as  an  antiseptic  to  wounds  slow  in  healing. 

Carbolic  Acid— Phenol. 

Carbolic  acid — CeH^HO  or  C^^fi — also  known  as 
phenyl  hydrate,  phenyl  alcohol,  phenic  acid,  and 
phenol,  was  discovered  in  1848  by  Runge,  and  is  ob- 
tained from  coal  tar  by  fractional  distillation  and 
subsequently  purified.  It  occurs  as  colorless,  inter- 
laced, needle-shaped  crystals,  sometimes  acquiring  a 
pinkish  tint,  deliquescent  on  exposure,  having  a  dis- 
tinctive, slightly  aromatic  odor,  resembling  creosote; 
when  diluted  a  sweetish  taste,  with  a  slightly  burn- 
ing after-taste  and  a  neutral  reaction.  It  produces  a 
benumbing,  blanching,  and  caustic  effect  upon  the 
skin,  coagulates  albumen  (difference  from  Creosote, 
U.  S.  P.),  is  soluble  in  20  parts  of  water,  very  solu- 
ble in  alcohol,  ether,  chloroform,  gl3'cerin,  fixed  and 
volatile  oils. 

Acidum  Carholicum  Purum  Liquefactum,  pure 


ANTIZYMOTICS,  ANTIPYRETICS,   ANTIPERIODICS.    \(\') 

carbolic  acid  liquefied.  Is  given  internally  in  doses 
of:  H.,  TTix.-xl. ;  D.,  lUss.-ij.  Always  well  diluted 
in  glycerin  or  oil,  or  in  bolus. 

Acidum  CarboUcum  Crudum^  crude  carbolic 
acid.  Consists  of  various  constituents  of  coal  tar, 
chiefly  cresol  and  phenol,  and  is  also  obtained  by 
fractional  distillation.  Used  only  as  a  disinfectant 
and  deodorant. 

Preparations.— Z7^igri«enfw?>z  Acidi  Carholici 
(ten  per  cent.),  ointment  of  carbolic  acid.  Used 
locally. 

Glycerinum  Acidi  Carholici,  glycerine  of  carbohc 
acid,  1  to  4  of  glycerin. 

Liquor  Acidi  Carholici,  solution  of  carbolic  acid. 
For  local  use  in  antiseptic  surgery,  of  various  propor- 
tions in  water;  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  for  sponges, 
hands,  etc. ;  five  per  cent,  as  a  spray. 

Oleum  Carholizatum,  carbolized  oil.  Used  local- 
ly, contains  of  carbolic  acid  1  part  and  cotton-seed  oil 
7  parts. 

Derivatives. — Sodii  Sidphocarholas,  sodium 
sulpho-carbolate,  prepared  by  dissolving  carbolic  acid 
in  an  equal  part  of  sulphuric  acid,  to  form  sulpho- 
carbolic  acid,  and  neutralizing  with  barium  and  so- 
dium carbonates.  Occurs  in  rhombic  prisms,  soluble 
in  5  parts  of  water.  Dose:  H.,  3ij.-vi.;  D.,  gr.  v. 
-XX.  Used  internally  as  an  antiseptic  and  antizy- 
motic,  but  clinical  observation  has  failed  to  substan- 
tiate the  high  claims  made  for  it  some  years  ago. 

Salol,  phenyl  salicylate,  the  salicylic  ether  of 
phenyl  (see  under  SaHcylic  Acid),  com'Diues  the  ac- 


164  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

tions  of  the  drugs  from  which  it  is  derived,  and  is  at 
once  the  best  and  safest  manner  of  administering  car- 
bolic acid  internally. 

Campho-Pheniqiie,  a  saturated  solution  of  cam- 
phor in  liquefied  carbolic  acid,  is  a  most  excellent 
antiseptic,  especiall}'  adapted  to  local  use.  It  is 
markedly  anaesthetic  and  anodyne,  and  can  be  ap- 
plied pure  or  diluted  with  oil  or  glycerin  to  the  most 
painful  and  sensitive  wound  or  burn. 

Physiological  Action. — Carbolic  acid  is  the 
best  known  and  most  commonly  used  disinfectant  and 
antiseptic,  although  not  the  most  active.  It  is  an 
antiferment,  a  deodorizer,  and  prevents  the  decomposi- 
tion of  albuminous  fluids  by  bacteria.  Applied  locally 
it  is  a  styptic,  anaesthetic,  and  superficially  escharotic, 
coagulating  the  albumin  of  the  part ;  it  is  powerfully 
poisonous  to  the  tissues,  and  when  applied  directly  to 
muscle  or  nerve  paral3^zes  these  at  once  without  pre- 
vious stimulation.  When  given  undiluted  and  in 
large  doses  carbolic  acid  causes  violent  gastro-enter- 
itis  with  vomiting  and  purging,  followed  by  collapse, 
delirium,  and  often  convulsions  and  death.  After 
absorption  it  acts  by  selection  upon  the  medulla,  es- 
pecially upon  the  respiratory  and  vasomotor  centres 
therein,  which  it  first  briefly  stimulates  and  then 
completely  paralyzes.  It  stimulates  cardiac  inhibi- 
tion, first  slowing  the  heart,  then  depressing,  and 
finally  paralyzing  it.  Respiration,  at  first  increased, 
is  soon  depressed,  the  pupils  become  contracted,  the 
brain  and  spinal  cord  are  directly  afi;ected;  stupor, 
coma,  suspended  reflexes,  impaired  motility  and  sen- 


ANTIZYMOTICS,  ANTIPYRETICS,    ANTIPERIODICS.   1G5 

sibility  are  produced.  It  is  rapidly  absorbed  and  also 
rapidly  diffused,  and  fatal  cases  have  occurred  from 
its  local  use  in  full  strength.  The  dog  and  cat  are 
especially  sensitive  to  carbolic  acid ;  hence  it  must  be 
very  carefully  used  on  these  animals.  It  is  partly 
oxidized  in  the  body  and  partly  eliminated  by  the 
lungs,  skin,  and  kidneys,  imparting  to  the  urine  an 
olive-brown  color,  and  giving  this  excretion  the  power 
of  resisting  putrefaction  for  a  considerable  time. 
Death  from  a  medium  dose  occurs  by  paralysis  of  res- 
piration; from  a  large  dose  by  paralysis  of  the  heart. 
The  blood  after  death  is  very  dark  in  color  and  almost 
non-coagulable. 

Antidotes  and  Antagonists. — Magnesium  or  so- 
dium sulphate  in  large  doses  at  once  to  form  a  sul- 
phocarbolate;  aqua  calcis  in  copious  doses,  but  is 
not  so  efficient  as  the  sulphates ;  atropine  is  a  com- 
plete physiological  antagonist,  maintaining  the  heart 
and  respiration.  Vegetable  demulcents — as  oatmeal 
gruel,  linseed  tea,  etc.  (but  no  oils  or  glycerin) — to 
protect  the  mucous  surfaces. 

Therapeutics. — As  an  antiseptic  carbolic  acid 
may  be  applied  in  surgery  and  in  the  treatment  of 
wounds  of  all  kinds,  excepting  those  of  the  eye.  As 
a  wash  in  footrot  among  sheep,  fistulsB,  burns,  scalds, 
injuries  of  vagina  or  uterus,  resulting  from  parturi- 
tion, leucorrhoeal  and  other  discharges.  Internally 
— in  Texas  fever,  anthrax,  foot-and-mouth  diseases 
catarrhal  influenza  of  horses,  strangles,  typhoid  com- 
plaints. As  a  mouth-wash  in  stomatitis  and  glossi- 
tis ;  as  an  intratracheal  injection  in  calves  suffering 


166  VETERIXAKY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

from  stranguli  (usually  combined  with  oil  of  turpen- 
tine). Externally — as  an  ointment  in  grease,  scratch- 
es, eczema,  scab,  mange,  and  to  destroy  lice  and  fleas. 
The  crude  acid  is  used  as  a  disinfectant  and  deodorant 
in  stables,  kennels,  etc. 

AciDUM  Salicylicum— Salicylic  Acid. 

Acidum  Salicylicum^  Salicylic  Acid,  an  organic 
acid,  which  was  originally  prepared  from  salicin,  a 
crystalline  glucoside  obtained  from  several  species  of 
salix (willow)  and  poj^ulus  (poplar).  Salicylic  acid  is 
now  prepared  synthetically  from  carbolic  acid  by  the 
reaction  of  sodium  and  carbonic  anhydride.  It  occurs 
in  fine,  white,  light,  prismatic,  needle-shaped  crystals, 
permanent  in  the  air,  free  from  odor  of  carbolic  acid, 
but  sometimes  having  a  slight,  aromatic  odor,  of  a 
sweetish  and  slightly  acrid  taste  and  an  acid  reaction. 
Soluble  in  -450  parts  of  water  and  in  2.5  parts  of  al- 
cohol, in  2  parts  of  ether,  and  in  80  parts  of  chloro- 
form.    Dose:  H.,   3  ij.-vi. ;  D.,  gr.  v.-xv. 

Preparations. — Sodii  Scdicylas,  sodium  salicy- 
late. Small,  white,  cr^^stalline  plates,  or  a  crystalline 
powder,  permanent  in  the  air,  odorless,  having  a 
sweetish,  saline,  and  mildly  alkaline  taste  and  a 
feebl)^  acid  reaction.  Soluble  in  1.5  parts  of  water 
and  in  6  parts  of  alcohol. 

Lithii  Salicylas,  lithium  salicylate.  A  white 
powder,  deliquescent  on  exposure  to  air,  odorless  or 
nearly  so,  having  a  sweetish  taste  and  a  faintly  acid 
reaction.     Very  soluble  in  water  and  in  alcohol. 

Salol,  salicylate  of  phenyl.     A  fine,  crystalline, 


ANTIZYMOTICS,  ANTIPYRETICS,  ANTIPERIODICS.    167 

white  powder,  having  an  aromatic  odor  and  insipid 
taste.  Soluble  in  10  parts  of  alcohol ;  also  in  chloro- 
form, ether,  and  fixed  oils;  almost  insoluble  in  water. 
When  heated  with  an  alkali,  salol  splits  up  into  sali- 
cylic acid  CO  parts,  and  carbolic  acid  40  parts. 

The  doses  of  these  three  preparations  of  salicylic 
acid  are:  H.,   3iv.-3i.;  D.,  gr.  v.- 3  ss. 

Physiological  Action. — Salicj-lic  acid  is  an  an- 
tipyretic, antiseptic,  antiperiodic,  antirheumatic,  and 
antiferment.  Small  doses  stimulate  the  stomach, 
heart,  and  respiration.  Large  doses  cause  gastric 
derangement,  nausea,  vomiting,  and  sometimes  diar- 
rhoea in  all  animals ;  depress  the  heart  and  respira- 
tion, lower  arterial  tension,  and  reduce  temperature 
in  fever.  Continued  large  doses  cause  symptoms 
resembling  cinchonism  (see  Quinine).  Toxic  doses 
produce  death  by  paralysis  of  respiration.  It  does 
not  stimulate  the  flow  of  bile,  but  renders  this  secre- 
tion more  watery,  and  is  excreted  by  the  skin,  sali- 
vary glands,  and  kidneys,  the  latter  organs  being 
sometimes  so  irritated  by  the  drug  as  to  cause  albumi- 
nuria. Sodium  salicylate,  although  much  resembling 
salicylic  acid  in  action,  is  devoid  of  the  antiseptic 
properties  of  the  latter.  It  is  also  a  diaphoretic  and 
cholagogue,  being  supposed  to  possess  the  property  of 
increasing  the  fluidity  of  the  bile,  at  the  same  time 
promoting  the  secretion  of  the  latter,  while  other 
cholagogues  increase  the  proportion  of  solids  in  the 
bile.  The  corresponding  lithium  salt  closely  resem- 
bles this,  but  has  more  power  over  excretion. 

Salol  is  antiseptic,  analgesic,  a  good  antipyretic, 


168  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDIC  A. 

diaphoretic,  and  antiferment,  of  more  potency  than 
either  of  its  constituents ;  is  not  so  toxic,  nor  so  irri- 
tant and  depressant.  It  is  also  sedative  to  the  cere- 
bro-spinal  system. 

Therapeutics. — Salicj^lic  acid  is  employed  in 
acute  catarrhal  conditions  of  the  respiratory  appara- 
tus, in  influenza,  rheumatism,  purpura,  peritonitis,  in 
fevers,  especially  of  the  septicsemic  kind;  as  an  anti- 
ferment  in  colic,  tympanites,  etc.,  in  the  horse,  cattle, 
and  sheep.  Externally — in  eczema,  parasitic  skin 
affections,  to  gangrenous  wounds,  etc. 

Sodium  and  lithium  salicylate — for  the  same  pur- 
poses as  the  acid,  but  are  preferable  in  rheumatic  dis- 
orders. 

Salol,  besides  the  uses  already  mentioned,  is  one  of 
the  best  disinfectants  for  the  gut,  being  an  efficient 
remedy  for  duodenal  catarrh,  vesical  catarrh,  etc., 
and  as  an  antiseptic  for  the  urinary  apparatus.  As  a 
febrifuge  it  supersedes  salicylic  acid  and  its  other 
preparations.  It  is  much  employed  in  infectious 
diarrhoea  in  calves,  sheep,  and  dogs. 

Thymol  and  Menthol. 

TJiymol — CjqHj^O — is  a  phenol  contained  in  oil  of 
thyme  and  in  the  volatile  oils  of  several  other  plants. 
It  occurs  as  large  hexagonal  crystals,  nearl}^  or  quite 
colorless,  having  an  aromatic,  thyme-like  odor,  a 
pungent,  aromatic  taste,  with  a  ver}^  slight  caustic 
effect  upon  the  lips,  and  a  neutral  reaction.  Soluble 
in  1,200  parts  of  water  and  in  1  part  of  alcohol;  also 
in  ether,  chloroform,  glacial  acetic  acid,  fixed  and 


ANTIZYMOTICS,  AXTIPYEETICS,  ANTIPERIODICS.    1G9 

volatile  oils.     It  liquefies  when  triturated  with  equal 
quantities  of  camphor,  menthol,  or  chloral. 

Thymol  resembles  both  carbolic  acid  and  oil  of  tur- 
pentine in  its  action,  being  a  pow^erful  antiseptic  and 
germicide  like  the  former,  and  like  the  latter  an  irri- 
tant to  the  organs  of  elimination  and  a  paralyzant. 
Toxic  doses,  when  absorbed,  paralyze  the  nerve  cen- 
tres in  the  spinal  cord  and  medulla  from  the  first, 
with  no  preliminary  stimulation — slowing  respira- 
tion, lowering  arterial  tension  and  body-temperature, 
as  well  as  lessening  reflex  excitability.  It  is  elimi- 
nated by^  the  kidneys  and  respiratory  organs,  causing 
more  or  less  irritation  at  the  points  of  elimination. 
Autopsies  on  animals  poisoned  by  it  show  fatty  de- 
generation of  the  liver  (as  with  phosphorus),  and 
great  congestion  of  the  bronchial  and  pulmonary  mu- 
cous membranes  and  of  the  kidneys. 

Thymol  is  employed  as  an  antiseptic  application  to 
wounds  and  skin  diseases,  and  as  a  spray  or  inhala- 
tion in  chronic  affections  of  the  lungs  and  bronchi. 
It  has  considerable  repute  in  vesical  catarrh.  Dose: 
H.,  gr.  x.-xxx. ;  D.,  gr.  ss.-v. 

Menthol,  peppermint  camphor— CjoH^gOH — is  a 
stearopten,  isomeric  wdth  thymol,  and  is  obtained 
from  oil  of  peppermint  by  deposit  on  exposure  to  cold. 
It  occurs  in  colorless  crystals  or  masses,  having  the 
characteristic  taste  and  odor  of  peppermint  oil. 
Soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  and  chloroform,  but  only 
sparingly  soluble  in  water.  Dose :  H. ,  gr.xv.-  3  ss. ; 
D.,  gr.  ss.-iij. 

Oleum  Menthoe  Piperitce,  oil  of  peppermint,  is  the 


170  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

volatile  oil  obtained  by  distillation  from  the  fresh 
herb,  and  contains  menthol  and  a  liquid  terpene. 
Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  ss.-i. ;  D.,  miij.-v. 

Aqua  Menthoe  PijDeritce,  peppermint  water,  con- 
taining one  drop  of  the  oil  to  the  fluidounce  of  water. 
Used  as  a  vehicle,  chiefly  in  canine  practice. 

Spiritus  MenthcE  PiperUm,  essence  of  peppermint 
(containing  ten  per  cent,  of  the  oil  and  one  per  cent, 
of  the  powdered  herb).  Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  ss.-i. ;  D., 
TT[xv.-3  i. 

Menthol  is  a  local  vascular  stimulant  when  applied 
to  the  skin,  a  local  ansesthetic  and  parasticide,  and  is 
non-corrosive.  Internally  —  carminative,  antispas- 
modic, and  somewhat  antifermentative.  It  stimu- 
lates the  secretory  nerves  and  cardiac  muscle,  and 
like  camphor  causes  a  periodic  increase  in  arterial 
tension,  but  does  not  affect  the  pulse  rate.  It  in- 
creases the  number  of  the  respirations  but  lessens 
thedr  depth.  It  lessens  sensation  and  reflex  sensibil- 
ity, in  large  doses  destroying  both,  and  parah^zing 
the  cerebro-spinal  system.  Menthol  and  peppermint 
preparations  are  used  internall}^  as  carminatives, 
antispasmodics,  and  stimulants,  to  relieve  colic  and 
flatulence;  as  corrigents  to  purgatives  to  prevent 
griping.  Menthol  combined  with  ether  and  chloro- 
form is  much  used  as  a  local  anaesthetic. 

Chlorum — Chlorine. 

Chlorine — CI — is  a  greenish-yellow  gas,  belonging 
to  the  halogen  group  of  elements.  Some  of  the  chlo- 
rine compounds  have  been  already  described  under 


EVACUENTS.  171 

Ammonium,  Potassium,  Sodium,  Hj^drochloric  Acid, 
etc. 

Chlorine  is  the  most  powerful  of  all  the  disinfec- 
tants and  deodorants,  an  antiseptic  and  antiferment 
of  great  activity,  its  power  being  due  to  its  affinity 
for  H,  decomposing  all  bodies  which  contain  this  ele- 
ment as  a  molecular  constituent,  forming  HCl,  and 
setting  O  free  in  its  nascent  form  of  ozone.  Locally 
chlorine  is  highly  irritant  to  the  skin  and  mucous 
membranes.  When  inhaled  in  quantity  it  causes 
cough,  sneezing,  spasm  of  the  glottis,  and  inflamma- 
tion of  the  respiratory  mucous  membranes  and  of  the 
lungs.  For  actions  and  uses  of  its  various  com- 
pounds, see  under  their  respective  headings. 


EVACUENTS. 

This  division  of  materia  medica  includes  all  reme- 
dies which  promote  some  evacuation  from  the  body 
— as  the  emetics,  cathartics,  anthelmintics,  diuretics, 
etc. 

EMETICS. 

Cupri  Sulphas^  copper  sulphate.  See  under  Cop- 
per. 

Zinci  Sulphas,  zinc  sulphate.     See  under  Zinc. 

Hydrargyri  Suhsulphas  Flavus,  yellow  mercuric 
subsulphate,  turpeth  mineral.  For  the  dog,  gr.  iij.- 
v.,  with  sugar  of  milk.  One  of  the  best  and  very 
prompt. 


172  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

Ahunen,  alum.  See  under  Alum.  Safe,  but  slow 
in  action. 

Sinapis  Alba,  white  or  yellow  mustard ;  Sinapis 
Nigra,  black  mustard.  See  under  Sinapis  (topical 
agents) . 

Apomojyhina,  apomorphine.  See  under  Opium. 
Very  depressant  and  convulsant. 

Antimonii  et  Potassce  Tartras,  Tartarus  Stibi- 
atus,  tartrate  of  antimony  and  potassium,  tartar 
emetic.  Given  to  the  dog  in  doses  of  gr.  i.-iv.  dis- 
solved in  tepid  water. 

Emetics  are  given  to  cause  expulsion  of  foreign 
bodies  from  any  part  of  the  oesophageal  tract  or  from 
the  air  passages,  to  remove  or  evacuate  the  contents 
of  the  stomach,  and  to  remove  an  obstruction  from 
the  gall  duct.  Contra-indications  for  their  use  are — 
aneurism,  atheroma,  hemorrhagic  diathesis,  hernia, 
prolapsus  uteri,  and  pregnancy. 

Ipecacuanha — Ipecac. 

The  dried  root  of  Cephaelis  ipecacuanha,  a  Brazil- 
ian shrub  of  the  natural  order  Rubiacese,  collected 
during  the  first  three  months  of  the  year.  The  shrub 
grows  about  three  feet  high ;  the  root  has  a  twisted 
knotty  appearance,  of  about  the  thickness  of  a  quill, 
and  is  from  two  to  four  inches  long.  The  active 
principle  is  contained  in  the  outside  brownish  bark, 
while  the  inner  part  of  the  root  is  white  and  nearly 
inactive,  medicinally.  The  powdered  root  is  of  a 
grayish-brown  color,  of  a  bitter,  acrid  taste,  and  has 


iJVACUENTS.  173 

a  faint  nauseating  odor.  The  root  contains  a  crj^stal- 
line  alkaloid,  emetine ;  a  glncoside,  ipecacuanhic  acid ; 
also  gum,  starch,  etc.  J  and  a  trace  of  a  volatile  oil. 

Preparations. — Pulvis  Ipecacuanhce,  powdered 
ipecac  root.  Dose:  H.,  3ss.-ij.;  D.,  gr.  ss.-ij.;  as 
an  emetic,  gr.  x.-xxx. 

Extractum  Ipecacuanlioe  Fluidum,  fluid  extract 
of  ipecac.  Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  ss.-ij. ;  D.,  fii^ss.-ij. ;  as 
emetic,  ttixv.-xxx. 

Syrupiis  Ipecacuanlioe^  syrup  of  ipecac  (seven  per 
cent.).     Dose:  D.,  fl.  3  i.-iv. 

Pulvis  Ipecacuanlioe  et  Opii,  powder  of  ipecac 
and  opium,  Dover's  powder.  Contains  ipecac  10, 
opium  10,  sugar  of  milk  80.  Dose:  H.,  3i.-iij.;  D., 
gr.  v.-xv. 

Physiological  Action  and  Uses.— Ipecac  is  a 
cholagogue,  diaphoretic,  expectorant,  and  emetic  for 
dogs,  cats,  and  pigs.  Full  doses,  sufficient  to  cause 
emesis,  when  given  to  animals  which  do  not  vomit, 
produce  an  increased  amount  of  bronchial  secretion; 
hence  are  given  in  catarrh  and  bronchitis  when 
cough  is  "  hard  and  fast."  The  powder  when  inhaled 
causes  sneezing,  and  is  sometimes  used  as  a  sternu- 
tatory. Medicinal  doses  increase  all  the  mucous  se- 
cretions, the  hepatic  secretions,  and  the  sweat  glands. 
Continued  use  begets  tolerance.  Small  doses  act  as  a 
stomachic  tonic  and  stimulant  to  the  gastric  secre- 
tions. As  a  diaphoretic  the  Dover's  powder  is  much 
used  in  rheumatism,  diarrhoea,  and  dysentery,  in  the 
latter  troubles  being  given  in  large  doses  up  to  toler- 
ance.    As  an  expectorant  in  bronchitis,  spasmodic 


It4  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

cough,  and  other  affections  of  the  respirator}-  appa- 
ratus. In  hepatic  congestion,  jaundice,  etc.,  with 
calomel  and  aloes.  As  an  emetic  to  relieve  the  stom- 
ach in  acute  indigestion  of  the  dog;  in  small  doses  to 
relieve  vomitinor  due  to  nervous  excitement. 


CATHARTICS. 

Cathartics  are  divided  into  laxatives,  and  simple, 
saline,  drastic,  hydragogue,  and  cholagogue  purga- 
tives. 

Laxatives. 

Sulphur  Lotum,  Sulphur  PrcBcipitatum.  See 
under  Sulphur. 

Magnesii  Carhonas.     See  under  Magnesium. 

Oleum  Ricini,  castor  oil,  the  fixed  oil  expressed 
from  the  seeds  of  Ricinus  communis.  The  seeds  con- 
tain about  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  oil,  which  is  obtained 
by  expression,  without  the  aid  of  heat.  The  oil  is 
purified  by  rest,  is  sometimes  filtered,  and  even 
bleached.  It  is  a  mild  laxative;  becomes  partly 
emulsified,  and  this  part  of  it  is  absorbed ;  but  the 
greater  part  passes  on  through  the  intestines,  stimu- 
lating secretion  and  peristalsis  without  griping,  and 
frequently  may  be  detected  in  the  faeces.  It  is  given 
in  diarrhoea  and  dysentery,  and  constipation  during 
pregnancy,  etc.  Dose:  H.,  3  fl.xij.-xvi. ;  D.,  fl. 
5ss.-ij. 

Fruits,  roots,  green  food,  bran  mashes,  etc.,  also 
act  as  laxatives. 


CATHARTICS.  175 


Simple  Purgatives. 


Rheum,  rhubarb  (Radix  rhei),  the  dried  and  sliced 
root  of  Rheum  palmatum  and  other  rhubarb  species. 
Obtained  chiefly  from  China  and  Thibet.  It  is  stom- 
achic, tonic,  astringent,  a  mild  cathartic  and  chola- 
gogue ;  increases  the  secretion  of  bile.  Small  repeated 
doses  improve  digestion  and  assist  to  correct  slight 
gastric  derangement;  large  doses  are  mild  cathartics 
in  the  dog  and  cat.  Dose  as  stomachic  and  tonic  for 
the  dog,  gr.  x.-xx. ;  as  cathartic,   3  i.-iij. 

Aloe,  aloes,  the  inspissated  juice  of  the  leaves  of 
Aloe  vera  (Barbadoes  aloes)  and  other  aloes  species. 
Contains  aloin,  a  neutral  principle  common  to  all  va- 
rieties of  the  plant,  of  which  three  are  found  in  the 
market. 

1.  Aloe  Barhadensis,  Barbadoes  aloes,  obtained 
from  the  West  Indies,  is  of  a  liver-brown  color,  an 
opaque,  earthy  fracture,  a  persistent,  disagreeably  bit- 
ter taste,  a  strong,  disagreeable  odor.  When  breathed 
upon,  it  gives  off  an  odor  resembling  that  of  the  human 
axilla.  It  is  tough  and  hard  to  pulverize,  and  its 
powder  is  a  dull  olive  yellow  and  darker  than  that  of 
the  other  varieties.  It  is  almost  entirely  soluble  in 
proof  spirit.    . 

2.  Aloe  Socotrince,  socotrine  aloes,  from  East  In- 
dia, Bombay,  and  Zanzibar.  Reddish -brown  pieces 
of  various  sizes,  breaking  with  a  smooth,  resinous 
fracture.  Darkens  on  exposure  to  air ;  odor,  although 
strong,  is  somewhat  agreeable ;  taste,  very  bitter. 


176  VETERIXARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

3.  Aloe  Cajjiensis,  Cape  aloes,  from  Cape  Town, 
Natal,  etc.  The  better  qualities  are  equal  almost  to 
the  Barbadoes  and  socotrine  aloes,  but  give  less  wa- 
ter}'  discharges,  and  the  action  does  not  continue  for 
so  long  a  time.  Olive-green,  resinous  appearance; 
strong,  disagreeable,  sour  odor;  bitter  taste.  The 
pieces  are  very  brittle,  are  easily  powdered,  and  the 
powder  has  the  aj)pearance  of  chrome  3'ellow  or  gam- 
boge. 

Physiological  Action. — Aloes  is  chiefly  a  pur^ 
gative,  stimulant,  and  bitter  tonic;  also  anthelmintic. 
Externally — a  stimulant  and  desiccant.  When  giv- 
en internally  aloes  is  dissolved  by  the  gastric  juice, 
saponified  by  the  pancreatic  juice  and  bile,  enters  the 
circulation,  and  communicates  its  bitterness  and  pur- 
gative qualities  to  milk  and  other  secretions.  It  is 
excreted  by  the  intestinal  glandular  apparatus  and 
kidneys.  Large  doses  cause  hypersemia  of  the  uterus, 
kidneys,  and  other  pelvic  organs.  It  increases  peri- 
stalsis, also  the  amount  of  secretion  in  the  intestines; 
but  its  action  is  confined  chiefly  to  the  large  gut. 
The  secretion  of  bile  is  also  stimulated.  It  requires 
from  twelve  to  twentj'-four  hours  to  operate.  It  is 
the  most  suitable  purgative  for  the  equine  species, 
and  should  be  given  in  bolus  or  drench,  the  latter  act- 
ing somewhat  more  rapidly.  When  given  to  cattle 
it  is  usually  more  active  when  conjoined  with  sa- 
lines. 

Therapeutics.— Aloes  is  given  in  small  doses  as 
a  bitter  tonic  in  dyspepsia,  irregularity  of  the  bowel ; 
as  a  purgative  in  constipation ;  in  torpidity  of  the 


CATHARTICS.  177 

bowel  and  habitual  constipation — combined  with  nux 
vomica ;   in  enfeebled  and  relaxed  conditions  of  the 
alimentary  canal — combined  with  iron  and  in  small 
doses;   in  spasmodic  and  flatulent  colic — with  ano- 
dynes and  carminatives;    in    acute    indigestion,   to 
carry  off  the  contents  of  the  stomach  and  intestines ; 
in  azoturia  in  very  large  doses,  usually  as  a  drench, 
with  other  depletives;   in  lymphangitis  — combined 
with  digitalis;  as  an  anthelmintic— combined  with 
santonin,  ether,  oil  of  male  fern,  oil  of  turpentine, 
etc.;  in  torpidity  of  the  liver — v/ith  calomel.     As  a 
purgative  for  the  horse,  in  order  to  insure  a  free  ac- 
tion, the  animal  should  be  first  prepared  with  bran 
mashes  for  two  meals ;  an  hour  or  two  after  the  last 
mash  the  ball  should  be   given,  and  ten  to  twelve 
hours  later  the  animal  should  be  walked  about  for  a 
short  time.     A  very  good  and  efficient  bolus  is  com- 
posed of  Aloes  3vi.,  fluid  extract  belladonna  3i., 
powdered  capsicum    3i.,  powdered  nux  vomica  3i. 
The  ingredients  may  be  increased  in  dose  to  suit  the 
requirements  of  any  particular  case.     Aloes  should 
not  be  given  if  the  alimentary  canal  is  seriously  in- 
flamed or  irritated ;  nor  in  severe  respiratory  diseases, 
pregnancy,  hernia,  rectal  hemorrhage,  or  prolapsus 
ani .     A  purgative  dose  of  aloes  should  not  be  repeated 
until  at  least  thirty-six  hours  after  the  first  has  been 
given,  as  superpurgation  is  readily  induced.     Dose : 
as  a  purgative,   H.,    3  ss.-i. ;  C,    si.-iij-;    D.,  gr. 
XX.- 3  i. ;  as  a  tonic,  one-sixth  to  one-eighth  of  these 
doses  suffice. 

Aloes  has  been  used  externally  as  tinctura  aloes  et 
12 


178  VETERIN"ARY   MATERIA   MEDICA. 

myrrhse,  a  stimulant  to  wounds,  etc.  The  powder  is 
mixed  with  plaster  of  Paris  when  applying  the  latter 
to  fractured  limbs  of  dogs,  etc.,  to  prevent  these  ani- 
mals  from  tearing  off  their  bandages. 

Oleum  Lini  Seminis,  linseed  or  flaxseed  oil,  the 
fixed  oil  expressed  from  the  seeds  of  Linum  usitatissi- 
mum,  without  heat  (see  also  under  oils  and  fats).  A 
yellowish,  oily  liquid,  having  a  slight,  peculiar  odor, 
a  bland  taste,  and  a  neutral  reaction.  When  ex- 
posed to  air  it  gradually  thickens,  acquires  a  strong 
odor  and  taste,  and  finally  solidifies.  Specific  gravity 
about  0.936.  It  is  soluble  in  5  parts  of  absolute  al- 
cohol and  in  1.5  parts  of  ether.  The  oil  is  given  as 
a  cathartic  to  all  animals,  and  as  it  acts  without 
griping  is  especially  useful  in  irritable  and  inflamed 
conditions  of  the  alimentary  canal  and  urinary  ap- 
paratus, and  when  the  use  of  other  and  more  active 
purgatives  is  excluded.  For  cattle  it  is  combined 
with  oleum  tiglii  to  increase  its  activity.  Small 
doses  are  given  with  mashes  as  a  food  to  animals 
recovering  from  exhausting  diseases.  Laxative  ene- 
mata  are  composed  of  the  oil  with  a  small  quantity 
of  turpentine.     Dose:    H.,  O  ss.-i. ;  D.,  fl.  3  i.-ij. 

Oleum  Rlcini,  castor  oil.  In  large  doses  is  quite 
active,  particularly  in  the  dog. 

The  Bucktliorns  include:  Buckthorn  berries — of 
the  Rhamnus  catharticus  or  purging  buckthorn; 
buckthorn  bark — of  the  Rhamnus  frangula  or  black 
alder ;  and  the  dried  bark  of  the  Rhamnus  purshiana, 
Cascara  sagrada  (diittom  or  sacred  bark),  some- 
times known  as  California  buckthorn. 


CATHAR.TI®S.  179 

They  are  all  cathartics  for  the  dog  and  cat,  but  are 
not  so  active  in  the  larger  animals.  The  cascara  sa- 
grada  is  particularly  useful  in  the  habitual  constipa- 
tion of  house-raised  and  pampered  animals.  The 
fluid  extract  of  the  first  two  is  frequently  combined 
with  ammonia  muriate  and  given  to  horses  suffering 
from  congested  and  inactive  liver,  after  having  first 
given  an  aloes  purge.  Dose  of  the  fluid  extract  of  any 
of  the  Buckthorns:  H.,  fl.  3  ss.-ij. ;  D.,   3  ss.-ij. 

Saline  Purgatives. 

Magnesii  Carhonas,  carbonate  of  magnesium. 
Light,  white  friable  masses,  or  a  light,  white  pow- 
der, odorless  and  tasteless.  Insoluble  in  alcohol,  and 
almost  insoluble  in  water,  to  which  it  imparts  a  fee- 
bly alkaline  reaction;  soluble  in  dilute  HCl  with  co- 
pious effervescence.     Dose:  D.,  gr.  v.-xxx. 

Pulvis  Magnesii  cum  Bheo,  Pulvis  JRhei  Com- 
positus,  rhubarb  and  magnesia,  or  compound  pow- 
der of  rhubarb.  Contains  rhubarb  25,  magnesia  65, 
and  ginger  10.     Dose:  D.,  gr.  x.-xxx. 

Magnesii  Sulphas,  sulphate  of  magnesia,  Epsom 
salt.  Found  in  various  rocks,  soil,  in  sea-water,  and 
some  mineral  springs  (it  is  named  after  the  mineral 
springs  of  Epsom),  Small,  colorless,  right-rhombic 
prisms,  or  acicular  needles,  slowly  efflorescent  in  dry 
air,  odorless,  having  a  cooling,  saline,  and  bitter 
taste  and  a  neutral  reaction.  Soluble  in  0.8  part  of 
water,  insoluble  in  alcohol.  Somewhat  resembles  sul- 
phate of  zinc  and  also  oxalic  acid.     It  is  distinguished 


180  vetert:n-ary  materia  medic  a. 

from  the  zinc  compound  by  its  taste,  absence  of  me- 
tallic astringency,  and  by  its  neutral  solution,  giving 
no  precipitate  with  hydrogen  sulphide;  distinguished 
from  oxalic  acid  by  its  finer  and  more  needle-shaped 
crystals,  its  bitter  taste,  its  lack  of  acid  reaction,  and 
its  property  of  precipitating  alkaline  carbonates  with- 
out effervescence.  Dose:  cathartic,  H.,  lb.  ss.-i. ; 
C,  lb.  i.-iss. ;  D.,  3  ij.-iv.  Asa  febrifuge  and  al- 
terative, one-eighth  to  one-fifth  of  these  doses  suflQce. 
Its  activity  as  a  purgative  may  be  somewhat  in- 
creased by  the  addition  of  diluted  sulphuric  acid. 

The  magnesia  salts  are  non-poisonous ;  when  given 
internally  they  are  slowly  absorbed.  The  carbonate 
is  used  as  a  laxative  and  antacid.  Its  laxative  prop- 
erties are  somewhat  increased  when  the  contents  of 
the  intestine  and  stomach  are  acid ;  hence  it  is  given 
to  calves  and  foals  suffering  from  acidity  and  flatu- 
lence ;  also  to  dogs  and  cats.  The  sulphate  is  purga- 
tive, alterative,  febrifuge,  and  also  slightly  diapho- 
retic and  diuretic,  being  excreted  by  the  kidneys  and 
skin.  For  ruminants  it  is  a  good  purgative,  but  on 
the  horse  its  action  is  rather  uncertain.  It  is  admin- 
istered in  indigestion,  constipation,  etc.,  and  is  usu- 
ally given  with  some  carminatives;  as  a  febrifuge  to 
horses  affected  with  influenza,  pneumonia,  and  other 
febrile  disorders,  when  there  is  any  tendency'  to  con- 
stipation ;  also  as  an  antidote  in  lead-poisoning. 

Potassii  Bitartras,  potassium  bitartrate,  cream 
of  tartar.  Colorless  or  slightl}'  opaque,  rhombic  crj^s- 
tals,  or  a  white,  somewhat  gritty  powder,  permanent 
in  the  air,  odorless,   having  a    pleasant,   acidulous 


CATHARTICS.  181 

taste  and  an  acid  reaction.  Soluble  in  210  parts  of 
water,  slightlj^  soluble  in  alcohol.  In  action  some- 
what resembles  the  acetate  and  nitrate  of  potassium. 
In  small  doses  it  is  diuretic,  and  larger  doses  purga- 
tive.    Dose:  H.,   3  iv.-viij. ;  D.,   3  i.-iv. 

Sodii  Sulphas,  sulphate  of  sodium,  Glauber's  salt. 
See  under  Sodium. 

Drastic  Purgatives. 

Jalapa,  jalap,  the  tuberous  root  of  Ipomoea  jal- 
apa,  a  Mexican  plant,  of  the  natural  order  Convolvu- 
lacesB.  Contains  fifteen  to  twenty  per  cent,  of  the 
official  resin,  which  is  composed  of  two  resins — jala- 
pin  and  convolvulin — the  latter  being  the  more  active 
of  the  two.  It  is  a  hydragogue  cathartic,  a  vermi- 
fuge, and  cholagogue.  It  is  neither  so  powerful  nor 
so  irritant  as  gamboge,  colocynth,  or  elaterium.  Its 
cathartic  action  upon  horses  and  cattle  is  very  slight, 
two  ounces  having  been  given  to  the  horse  with  but 
a  gentle  cathartic  effect,  but  marked  diuresis.  For 
dogs  and  pigs  it  is  a  good  purgative,  although  at 
times  causing  nausea  and  vomiting.  Dose:  D., 
3  ss.-ij.,  of  the  powdered  root. 

Oleum  Tiglii,  oleum  crotonis,  croton  oil.  A  fixed 
oil  obtained  by  expression  from  the  seeds  of  Croton 
tiglium,  an  East  Indian  tree.  The  seeds  contain 
about  fifty  per  cent,  of  the  oil,  which  is  of  a  brown- 
ish-yellow color,  somewhat  viscid,  and  slight!}^  fluor- 
escent; a  slight,  fatty  odor,  a  mild,  oily,  afterward 
acrid  and  burning  taste,  and  a  slightly  acid  reaction. 


182  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

Specific  gravity,  0.940  to  0.955.  When  fresh  it  is 
soluble  in  about  GO  parts  of  alcohol,  the  solubility  and 
therapeutic  activity  increasing  with  age.  It  is  freely 
soluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  and  other  oils.  Contains 
several  fatty  and  volatile  acids,  one  of  which  is  known 
as  tiglinic  acid.  Dose:  H.,  iTlxv.-xxx. ;  C,  fl.  3  ss.- 
i.;  D.,  mi.-iij. 

Croton  oil  is  a  drastic  purgative,  producing  copious 
watery  evacuations.  It  is  somewhat  too  irritant  for 
general  use  on  the  horse,  and  is  more  often  employed 
in  cattle  practice,  since  it  acts  quicker  than  aloes. 
Large  doses  act  as  a  corrosive  poison.  Externally  it 
is  a  powerful  irritant,  causing  a  special  vesicular 
eruption,  which  gradually  becomes  pustular.  On 
account  of  its  liability  of  leaving  a  permanent  blem- 
ish, it  is  but  little  used  externally.  On  the  dog  and 
pig  its  purgative  qualities  are  not  accompanied  by  as 
much  irritation  as  with  the  horse. 

Gambogia,  gamboge,  gum  gutti,  a  gum  resin  ob- 
tained from  Garcinia  hanburii,  a  medium-sized  tropi- 
cal tree  of  Siam,  Burmah,  and  Ceylon.  It  is  a  very 
powerful  irritant  and  drastic,  hydragogue  cathartic, 
given  chiefly  to  cattle  in  obstinate  constipation ,  brain 
diseases,  parturient  apoplexy,  etc.,  and  is  second  only 
to  croton  oil  for  activity.  It  is  usually  conjoined  in 
smaller  doses  with  other  cathartics — as  Epsom  or 
Glauber's  salt.     Dose:  C,  Jss.-i.;  S.,  gr.  xx.-xxx. 

Eserince  Salicylas,  Chrysostigmince  Salicylas.— 
See  under  Calabar  Bean. 

Bar  a  Chloridnm,  barium  chloride — (BaCl^H- 
2il,fi) — colorless,  flat,  four-sided  crystals,  of  a  bitter, 


CATHARTICS.  183 

salty  taste.  Soluble  in  2^  parts  of  water,  almost  in- 
soluble in  alcohol.  Used  as  a  cardiac  tonic  and  al- 
terative in  weakened  heart's  action.  Externally — as 
coUyrium  in  conjunctivitis  and  wound  dressing;  ^  to 
2  parts  to  100  of  water.  Professor  Dieckerhoff's  re- 
cent experiments  on  horses,  cattle,  and  sheep  show 
that  it  is  a  powerful  and  rapid  purgative,  but  which 
must  be  cautiously  employed  since  clinical  experience 
and  observation  of  its  actions  are  still  incomplete.  It 
is  said  not  seriously  to  affect  either  respiration  or 
circulation  when  given  in  doses  large  enough  to  cause 
catharsis.  The  impure  chloride  of  barium  has  long- 
been  used  as  a  "rat  poison."  Dose:  H.,  3ss.-iij., 
per  OS;  if  intravenously,  gr.  v.-xx.,  dissolved  in  dis- 
tilled water.  N.B. :  Intravenous  injections  require 
great  care ! 

Cholagogue  Purgatives. 

PodoplujUum,  May-apple,  the  rhizome  and  rootlets 
of  Podophyllum  peltatum  or  mandrake  (natural  order 
Berberidese).     Its  active  principle  is: 

Resina  Podophylli,  resin  of  podophyllum.  Dose: 
H.,   3i.-ij.;  D.,  gr.  ss.-ij. 

On  horses  and  cattle  its  cathartic  action  is  inferior 
to  that  of  other  purgatives,  but  its  cholagogue  effects 
are  undoubted ;  anthelmintic  properties  are  also  at- 
tributed to  it,  and  in  the  dog  it  sometimes  causes 
nausea  and  vomiting. 

Hijdrargijrn  Chloridum  3Iite,  calomel;  Hydrar- 
gyrum cum  creta,  gray  powder;  Massa  Hydrar- 
gyria blue  mass.     See  under  Hydrargyrum. 


184  VETERINARY   MATERIA   MEDTCA. 


ANTHELMINTICS. 

Santonica,  Levant  wormseed,  the  unexpanded 
flower-heads  of  Artemisia  pauciflora.  Contains  san- 
tonin, a  crystalline  neutral  principle. 

Santoninum,  santonin.  Colorless,  shining,  flat- 
tened, prismatic  crj^stals,  permanent  in  air,  but  turn- 
ing yellow  on  exposure  to  light;  odorless  and  nearly 
tasteless  when  first  j^laced  in  the  mouth,  but  afterward 
bitter  and  having  a  neutral  reaction.  Nearly  insol- 
uble in  cold  v/ater,  soluble  in  40  parts  of  alcohol,  in 
160  parts  of  ether,  in  4  parts  of  chloroform,  and  in 
solutions  of  the  alkalies.  The  alcoholic  and  ethereal 
solutions  have  an  intensely  bitter  taste.  It  should  be 
kept  in  dark,  amber-colored  phials,  and  protected  from 
light.  Dose:  H.,  gr.  xv.-xl. ;  D.,  gr.  ij.-iv.  Large 
doses  cause  giddiness,  vomiting,  and  convulsions  in 
dogs;  medicinal  doses  are  destructive  to  round-  and 
threadworms,  particularly  in  the  dog,  the  horse  being 
not  so  much  affected.  It  imparts  a  blood-red  color 
to  the  urine. 

Arecce  Semina,  seeds  of  Areca  catechu,  areca  nut. 
Betel  nut;  natural  order  Palmacese.  The  tree  is  a 
native  of  Asia,  and  the  nut  or  seed  contains  an  active 
alkaloid — arecoline. 

Piilvis  Arecce  Seminis,  powdered  areca  nut,  is  an 
active  vermifuge,  destructive  alike  to  tape-  and  round- 
worms, and  is  most  effectual  in  the  dog.  Must  be 
given  with  a  cathartic,  as  it  has  some  astringent 
properties.      Dose:   H.,   3iv.-vi.;    D.,  gr.  xv.-3ij. 


ANTHELMINTICS.  185 

(Two  grains  may  be  given  for  each  pound  of  the  ani- 
mal's weight. — Mayhew.) 

ChenojDodiiini,  American  wormseed,  the  frnit  of 
Chenopodium  ambrosiodes. 

Oleum  ChenojDodii,  oil  of  wormseed.  A  volatile 
oil,  obtained  from  the  American  wormseed;  destruc- 
tive to  roundworms.  Dose:  D.,  Hiv.-xv.,  thrice 
daily,  followed  by  a  cathartic. 

Aspidiiun,  filix  mas,  male  fern.  The  rhizome  of 
Dryopteris  filix  mas  and  Dryopteris  marginalis. 
Contains  filicic  acid,  a  green,  fatty  oil,  a  volatile  oil, 
etc. 

Oleoresina  Aspidii,  oleoresin  of  male  fern,  extract 
of  male  fern.  Dose :  H.  and  C,  fl.  3  ij.-viij. ;  D.  and 
C,  mx.-fl.  3  i. ;  Sheep  and  Pigs,  fl.  3  i.-ij.  The  most 
efficient  remedy  for  tapeworm  in  all  of  the  domesti- 
cated animals;  should  be  given  with  a  purgative. 
Large  doses  are  gastro-intestinal  irritants. 

Oleum  Terehinthince,  oil  of  turpentine.  See  under 
Turpentine. 

The  anthelmintics  used  against  the  ascarides 
(roundworms)  are :  For  horses  and  cattle — aloes,  oil  of 
turpentine,  bitters,  creolin,  calx  sulphurata,  ferric 
chloride  in  solution,  copper  sulphate,  arsenic,  sulphur, 
salt  in  manger ;  for  dogs  and  cats — santonin,  worm- 
seed,  oil  of  male  fern,  followed  by  a  laxative. 

Against  the  oxyures  (threadworms) — enemata  of 
alum,  aqua  calcis,  carbolic  acid,  vinegar,  turpentine, 
sodium  chloride,  sulphur,  and  soft  soap. 

Against  strongyli:  In  the  digestive  tract — oil  of 
turpentine,  decoction  of  aloes,  and  cathartics;  in  the 


180  VETERINARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

air  passages — intratracheal  injections  of  oil  of  tur- 
pentine with  carbolic  acid  and  chloroform;  sulphu- 
rous or  chlorine  inhalations. 

Against  tapeworms :  For  horses  and  cattle — oil  of 
turpentine  and  oil  of  male  fern  with  chloroform ;  fol- 
low with  a  cathartic.  For  dogs  and  cats — areca  nut, 
chloroform,  male  fern,  or  calx  sulphurata;  follow 
with  a  cathartic. 

DIURETICS. 
Refrigerant  Diuretics. 

Potassium  Salts,  particularly  the  acetate,  bitar- 
trate,  carbonate,  and  nitrate.  The}'  should  be  given 
largely  diluted  with  water,  as  that  of  itself  assists  to 
increase  diuresis.     See  under  Potassium. 

Hydragogue  Diuretics. 

Spiritus  ^theris  Nitrosi,  sweet  spirit  of  nitre. 
See  under  Ether. 

Digitalis,  foxglove.     See  under  Digitalis. 

Strophanthus  and  Convallaria.  See  under  their 
respective  headings. 

Cocaine.  Small  doses  of  the  hydrochlorate.  See 
under  Cocaine. 

Caffeine  and  Calomel.  See  under  Caffeine  and 
Theine,  and  under  Mercury. 

Stimulant  Diuretics. 

Buchu  Folia,  buchu  leaves.  The  leaves  of  Baros- 
ma  betelina  and  other  species  of  Barosma. 


DiUREtlCS.  187 

Extractum  Buchu  Fluidum,  fluid  extract  of  bu- 
chu.     Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  ij.-vi. ;  D.,  mx.-fl.  3  ss. 

Capsicum,  Cayenne  pepper,  the  fruit  of  Capsi- 
cum fastigatum.  Contains  capsicin,  a  peculiar  liquid 
principle;  also  a  volatile  alkaloid. 

Oleoresina  Capsici,  oleoresin  of  capsicum.  Dose : 
H.,  mxv.-fl.  3i.;  D.,  mi.-v. 

Extractum  Capsici  Fluidiim,  fluid  extract  of 
capsicum.     Dose:  H.,  fl,  3  ij.-vi. ;  D.,  TTi^v.-fl.  3  ss. 

Tinctura  Capsici,  tincture  of  capsicum  (five  per 
cent.).     Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  ss.-iss. ;  D.,  "ntxv.-fl.  3  i. 

Caps^c^tm  P^iZms,  powdered  capsicum.  Dose:  H., 
3i.-ij.;  D.,  gr.  v.-x. 

Capsicum  in  properly  regulated  doses  is  stomachic, 
carminative,  sialogogue,  and  diuretic;  large  doses 
are  gastro-intestinal  irritants.  Externally  it  is  used 
as  a  stimulant  and  counter-irritant. 

Juniperus,  juniper,  the  fruit  of  Juniperus  com- 
munis. Contains  juniperin,  a  non-crystalline  princi- 
ple, and  a  volatile  oil. 

Oleum  Juniperi,  oil  of  juniper  (berries).  Dose: 
H.,  fl.  3i.-ij.;  D.,   mv.-xx. 

The  refrigerant  diuretics  modify  rather  than  in- 
crease the  urine,  exercising  a  sedative  action  upon  the 
heart  and  circulation.  Hydragogue  diuretics  in- 
crease the  water  of  the  urine  largely,  and  in  general 
act  by  raising  arterial  pressure,  either  throughout 
the  entire  body  or  locally  in  the  kidneys.  The  stim- 
ulant diuretics  are  largely  eliminated  by  the  kidneys, 
and  act  upon  the  entire  genito-urinary  mucous  mem- 
brane by  local  irritation,  which  in  excess  causes  in- 


188  YETERIN"ARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

ri  animation  and  sj^mptoms  of  a  violent  character,  as 
strangury,  bloody  urine,  etc. ,  and  therefore  should  be 
used  with  caution.  Diuretics  are  employed  to  remove 
fluid  from  the  tissues  and  cavities  of  the  body  in  cases 
of  dropsy;  to  promote  the  elimination  of  waste  pro- 
ducts and  other  poisons  from  the  blood;  to  maintain 
the  action  of  the  kidneys;  and  to  dilute  the  urine  and 
alter  morbid  conditions  of  that  excretion. 


PITCH,  TAR,  TURPENTINE,  ETC. 

The  turpentines  are  liquid  or  concrete  oleoresinous 
exudations,  obtained  from  various  species  of  the  cone- 
bearers  or  Coniferse,  and  consist  of  a  resin  combined 
with  an  oily  substance,  known  as  the  oil  of  turpen- 
tine. 

The  three  chief  turpentines  are : 

TerebintJmia,  turpentine,  a  concrete  oleoresin,  ob- 
tained from  Pinus  australis  or  yellow^  pine,  and  other 
species  of  pinus  (natural  order  Coniferse),  in  yellow- 
ish, tough  masses,  brittle  in  the  cold,  crummy,  crys- 
talline in  the  interior,  of  a  terebinthinate  odor  and 
taste.  Dose:  as  stimulant,  antispasmodic,  and  diu- 
retic, H.  and  C,  ss.-iss. ;  D.,  gr.  3  x.-xxx. ;  as  anthel- 
mintic, H.  and  C,   5  i.-iij. ;  D.,  gr.  xx.-  3  i. 

Terebinthina  Canadensis,  Canada  turpentine, 
balsam  of  fir.  A  liquid  oleoresin,  obtained  from 
Abies  balsamea,  the  "silver  fir  ''  or  "  balm  of  Gilead," 
natural  order  Coniferge.  A  yellowish  or  faintly 
greenish,  transparent,  viscid  liquid,  of  an  agreeable 
terebinthinate  odor,   and  a  bitterish,  slightly  acrid 


PITCH,    TAR,    TURPENTINE,    ETC.  180 

taste ;  slowly  drying  on  exposure,  and  then  forming  a 
transparent  mass ;  completely  soluble  in  ether,  chloro- 
form, or  benzol.     Dose  same  as  terebinthina. 

Terebinthina  Veneta,  Venice  turpentine,  from  the 
common  larch — Larix  Europoea.  Is  a  tenacious, 
slightly  opaque  thick,  pale-yellow  liquid,  of  an  acrid, 
bitter  taste,  and  a  disagreeable  terebinthinate  odor. 
Dose  same  as  terebinthina. 

Preparations  of  Turpentine. — Oleum  Terehin- 
thince,  oil  of  turpentine,  commonly  known  as  spirits 
of  turpentine,  a  volatile  oil,  distilled  from  the  differ- 
ent varieties  of  turpentine.  A  thin,  colorless  fluid, 
of  a  characteristic  odor  and  taste,  becoming  stronger 
and  less  pleasant  by  age  and  exposure  to  air,  and  of  a 
neutral  or  faintly  acid  reaction.  *  Specific  gravity 
0.855  to  0.870.  Soluble  in  6  parts  of  alcohol,  miscible 
with  fixed  and  volatile  oils,  dissolves  resins,  wax, 
sulphur,  and  phosphorus.  Bromine  and  iodine  act 
violently  upon  it,  and  it  takes  fire  when  in  contact 
with  a  mixture  of  HNO3  and  H^SO,. 

Oleum  Terebmthince  Eectificatum,  rectified  oil  of 
turpentine,  is  the  preparation  of  the  oil  suitable  for 
internal  use.  Dose :  as  stimulant  and  antispasmodic, 
H.  and  C,  fl.  3  ss.-ij. ;  D.,  Tiixx.-fl.  3  i. ;  as  diuretic, 
H.  and  C,  fl.  3  ij.-viij. ;  D.,  TTix.-xv. ;  as  cathartic 
and  anthelmintic,  H.  and  C,  fl.  sij.,  with  aloes  in 
solution,  hnseed  oil,  gentian,  or  quassia. 

Oil  of  turpentine  must  be  given  always  diluted 
with  some  bland  liquid,  such  as  linseed  tea  or  oil, 
milk,  gruel,  etc. 

Oleum  Nigrum,  black  oil.     Consists  of  oil  of  tur- 


190  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

pentine  siv.,  added  to  linseed  oil  O  i.;  to  this  add 
slowly  H2SO4  3  i.  This  mixture  must  be  cautiously 
prepared,  as  it  evolves  great  heat. 

Derivatives  of  Turpextixe. — Resina,  resin, 
colophony.  The  residue  left  after  distilling  of  the 
volatile  oil  from  turpentine;  it  is  that  portion  of  tur- 
pentine which  is  fixed  by  oxidation.  A  transparent, 
amber-colored  substance,  hard,  brittle,  with  a  glossy 
and  shallow  conchoidal  fracture,  and  having  a  faintly 
terebinthinate  odor  and  taste.  Specific  gravity  l.OTO 
to  1.080.  It  is  soluble  in  alcohol,  ether,  fixed  and 
volatile  oils.     Dose  same  as  terebinthina. 

Ceratum  Besince,  unguentum  basiliconis,  resin 
cerate,  basilicon  ointment.  Composed  of  resin  35, 
yellow  wax  15,  lard  50  parts. 

Terebeneum,  terebene — CjoHje — is  a  hydrocarbon 
obtained  by  the  oxidation  of  oil  of  turpentine  by 
means  of  sulphuric  acid.  A  colorless  liquid,  of  a  hot 
taste,  soluble  in  alcohol.  Dose,  one-half  to  three- 
fourths  of  that  of  oil  of  turpentine. 

AxALOGUES  OF  TuRPEXTiXE. — Pix,  pitch,  is  a 
resinous  exudation  from  the  stems  of  certain  trees  of 
the  genera  Pinus  (pine)  and  Abies  (fir  and  spruce) . 
It  may  also  be  obtained  by  the  evaporation  of  wood- 
tar.     Three  varieties    of  pitch  are  in  general  use : 

1.  Pix  Burgundica^  Burgundy  pitch,  the  prepared 
resinous  exudation  of  Abies  excelsa,  Norway  spruce, 
natural  order  Coniferse.  Hard,  brittle,  opaque  mass- 
es, very  fusible,  readily  soluble  in  glacial  acetic 
acid. 

2.  Pix  Canadensis,  Canada  or  hemlock  pitch,  the 


PITCH,    TAR,    TURPENTINE,    ETC.  101 

prepared  resinous  exudation  of  Abies  Canadensis, 
the  hemlock  spruce  of  the  United  States  and  Canada ; 
natural  order  Coniferse. 

These  two  varieties  are  used  chiefly  in  making 
plasters. 

3.  Fix  Liquida,  tar,  an  empyreumatic  oleoresin, 
obtained  by  the  destructive  distillation  of  the  wood  of 
Pinus  pallustris  and  other  species  of  Pinus,  natural 
order  Coniferae.  A  thick,  viscid,  semi-fluid,  of  a 
brownish-black  color,  heavier  than  water,  transparent 
in  thin  layers,  becoming  granular  and  opaque  by  age; 
having  an  acid  reaction,  an  empyreumatic,  terebin- 
thinate  odor,  and  a  sharp,  empyreumatic  taste. 
Slightly  soluble  in  water,  soluble  in  alcohol,  fixed  or 
volatile  oils,  and  in  solution  of  potassa  or  of  soda.  It 
consists  of  pyroligneous  acid,  methyl  alcohol,  acetic 
acid,  creosote,  toluine,  xylene,  and  other  hydrocar- 
bons; also  oily  bodies,  especially  the  oil  of  tar  and 
pyrocatechin,  a  crystalline  principle,  which  gives  it 
its  granular  appearance.  Dose:  H.,  3ss.-ij.;  D., 
gr.  x.-xx. 

Preparations  of  Tar.— Oleum  Picis  LiqiiidcB, 
oil  of  tar.  A  volatile  oil  distilled  from  tar,  and  con- 
taining a  great  variety  of  compounds,  including  hy- 
drocarbons, phenols,  paraffin,  etc.,  among  the  phenols 
being  creosote  and  carbolic  acid.  Dose:  H.,  fl.  3  ss. 
-iv.;  D.,  mij.-x. 

Unguentum  Picis  Liquidce^  tar  ointment,  contain- 
ing fifty  per  cent,  of  tar. 

Physiological  Action  of  the  Turpentines. 
— They  are  topical  irritants,  general  stimulants,  anti- 


192  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

septics,  anthelmintics,  and  diuretics,  when  given  in- 
ternally. They  become  rapidly  absorbed,  and  are 
eliminated  chiefly  by  the  kidneys,  the  skin,  and  bron- 
chial mucous  membranes,  stimulating  at  the  points 
of  elimination.  The  oil  of  turpentine  is  the  most  ac- 
tive of  the  lot,  being  also  expectorant,  haemostatic, 
anti ferment,  antiparasitic,  and  diaphoretic.  Applied 
to  the  skin  it  is  an  irritant,  varying  in  intensity  with 
the  manner  in  which  it  is  applied ;  if  with  severe  fric- 
tion and  its  evaporation  prevented,  it  may  vesicate 
and  produce  a  serious  blemish.  Small  doses  stimu- 
late the  heart  and  respiration,  while  large  doses  are 
gastro-intestinal  irritants  and  depressants;  toxic  doses 
paralyze  the  nerve  centres  in  the  cerebrum,  cord,  and 
medulla.  During  the  excretion  of  large  doses  the 
urinary  apparatus  becomes  irritated  and  congested, 
sometimes  accompanied  by  strangury  and  even  hse- 
maturia. 

Tar  resembles  the  turi3en tines  in  its  action,  and,  as 
it  contains  both  creosote  and  carbolic  acid,  has  some 
of  the  qualities  of  these. 

Pitch  is  a  cutaneous  stimulant. 

Therapeutics  of  the  Turpentines. — They  are 
given  as  stimulants,  diuretics,  and  anthelmintics,  in 
combination  with  linseed  oil  in  colic.  The  Canada 
balsam  is  an  ingredient  of  flexible  collodion,  and  is 
itself  applied  to  wounds,  particularly  of  the  coronet. 
They  are  given  in  conjunction  with  camphor,  extract 
of  belladonna,  and  ammonium  carbonate,  in  bronchi- 
tis and  other  pulmonary  affections ;  are  also  contained 
in  many  hoof  ointments. 


PITCH,    TAR,    TURPENTINE,    ETC.  193 

Resin  is  used  as  a  diuretic  iu  both  horses  and  cat- 
tle, usually  combined  with  saltpetre.  Externally  it 
is  a  stimulant,  and  as  resin  cerate  is  applied  to 
wounds,  sores,  etc.  This  last  preparation  is  much 
used  as  a  base  for  blistering  ointments. 

Oil  of  turpentine  is  given  in  indigestion,  atonic 
diarrhoea,  to  relieve  flatulence,  in  colic,  in  nasal  gleet, 
catarrh,  bronchitis,  scarlatina,  purpura,  pulmonary 
hemorrhage;  in  cattle  practice,  in  hoven,  chronic 
diarrhoea  and  dysentery ;  in  puerperal  apoplexy — with 
carbonate  of  ammonia;  in  puerperal  peritonitis;  also 
in  post-partum  hemorrhage  and  "red  water."  As  an 
anthelmintic,  combined  with  tincture  of  chloride  of 
iron,  gentian  or  quassia,  and  linseed  oil,  after  first 
clearing  the  bowel  by  a  cathartic.  For  destroying 
the  strongylus  micrurus  and  strongylus  filaria  in  the 
air  passages  of  calves  and  lambs,  it  is  injected  intra- 
tracheally,  together  with  ttix.-xx.  each  of  carbolic 
acid,  glycerin,  and  chloroform.  It  is  also  used  as  an 
antidote  to  phosphorus  poisoning,  but  for  this  purpose 
must  be  old  so  as  to  contain  ozone ;  the  new  oil  is  use- 
less. Externally,  the  oil  of  turpentine  is  used  as  a 
counter-irritant  for  the  horse;  it  does  not  react  so 
powerfully  upon  the  skin  of  cattle.  It  is  applied  to 
the  abdomen  in  colic,  enteritis,  peritonitis,  and  other 
painful  abdominal  affections;  to  rheumatic  sw^eUings 
of  joints,  to  sprains  and  strains  of  tendons,  etc.,  after 
the  acute  symptoms  have  been  relieved  by  hot  fomen- 
tation. It  is  also  used  in  erysipelas,  ringworm,  dry 
gangrene  of  dogs'  ears,  and  in  foot-rot  of  sheep  and 
cattle ;  as  an  antiseptic  to  poisoned  wounds,  bites,  and 
13 


104  VETERINARY    MATERIA   MEDICA. 

stiDgs.  For  rectal  enemata  (against  worms,  in  colic, 
etc.),  several  ounces  in  one  quart  of  starch- water  or 
linseed  oil. 

Turpentine  vapors  are  prescribed  in  pulmonary 
affections,  usually  oil  of  turpentine,  oil  of  tar,  and 
compound  tincture  of  benzoin,  of  each  fl.  3SS.,  to 
each  steaming. 

Black  oil  is  a  favorite  application  to  punctures  of 
the  horse's  foot,  poisoned  wounds,  etc. ;  also  in  foot- 
rot. 

Terebene  is  the  form  in  which  turpentine  is  best 
used  as  a  stimulant  expectorant,  in  chronic  cough, 
bronchitis,  and  other  throat  and  lung  diseases. 

Tar  and  oil  of  tar  are  given  in  respiratory  diseases 
(particularly  chronic)  in  all  animals.  They  are  used 
externally  in  grease  heels,  eczema,  scaly  skin  diseases, 
thrush,  canker,  foot-rot,  etc. 


EMMENAGOGUES. 

Ferrum,  iron,  is  used  as  a  tonic  emmenagogue. 
See  under  Ferrum. 

Cantliaris^  cantharides,  Spanish  fly.  See  under 
Cantharides. 

Quinine  has  considerable  emmenagogue  power,  by 
direct  action  as  a  stimulant  upon  the  uterus  itself. 
Large  doses  as  an  ecbolic ;  smaller  doses,  frequently 
repeated,  as  an  emmenagogue. 

Acidnm  Boricmn,  boric  acid,  boracic  acid,  boric 
anhydride.     Obtained  from  the  action  of  H.^S04  upon 


EMMEN-AGOGUES.  195 

borax.  Colorless,  pearly,  lamellar  crystals,  of  a  fee- 
bly acid  reaction,  a  bitter  taste,  and  a  sweetish  after- 
taste. Soluble  in  25  parts  of  cold  water,  in  3  parts 
of  boiling  water,  in  15  parts  of  alcohol,  and  in  5  parts 
of  glycerin.  It  is  a  non-volatile  antiseptic,  equal  in 
power  almost  to  carbolic  acid,  and  because  of  its  non- 
irritant  property  may  be  frequently  employed  where 
other  antiseptics  are  excluded.  It  is  but  seldom  used 
internally,  and  then  only  in  fermentative  diarrhoea  of 
young  animals;  occasionally  as  an  emmenagogue. 
It  is  excreted  by  the  kidneys,  and  hence  may  be  used 
to  exercise  its  antiseptic  action  on  the  urinary  appar- 
atus. Conjoined  with  starch  it  is  used  externally  as 
a  disinfectant  powder,  or  as  an  ointment  (ten  per 
cent.),  or  saturated  solution  to  foul  wounds,  ulcers, 
burns,  sores ;  as  a  spray  or  gargle  in  sore  throat,  to 
check  excessive  salivary  or  pharyngeal  secretion,  to 
relieve  the  itching  of  erythema  and  eczema;  also  in 
catarrhal  and  purulent  conjunctivitis.  Lint  and  cot- 
ton are  sometimes  rendered  antiseptic  by  it.  See 
also  "Borax,"  uader  Sodium.  Dose:  H.  and  C, 
3ij.-v. ;  D.,  gr.  v.-xx. 

Boroglyceride,  made  by  heating  92  parts  of  gly- 
cerin with  62  parts  of  boric  acid,  is  used  as  an  anti- 
septic dressing  for  wounds,  etc.,  same  as  boric 
acid. 

Strychnia,  strychnine.     See  under  Nux  Vomica. 

Purgatives,  particularly  aloes,  croton  oil,  etc.,  act 
by  determining  the  blood  to  the  pelvic  viscera. 

Siiiapis,  mustard,  in  poultices  to  lumbar  and  pel- 
vic region. 


196  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

TOPICAL  AGENTS. 

Rubefacients,  Vesicants,  and  Pustulants. 

Sinapis,  Mustard  (syn.— Semen  Erucse).  The 
seeds  of  Sinapis  alba— English  or  yellow  mustard; 
and  of  Sinapis  nigra— black  or  German  mustard; 
natural  order  Cruciferee.  Are  annual  plants.  Differ- 
ent varieties  grow  wild  in  Europe  and  North  Amer- 
ica, and  are  frequently  used  to  adulterate  the  better 
sorts. 

Composition  of  Mustard. 

f  Acrinyl   sulphocyaDate   is   the 
Sinalbin  I       rubefacient    jn-inciple,    pro- 

Myrosin,'  a  fermeDt:  \       diiced   by   reaction   between 
^  I       these  two  in  the  presence  of 

r^  ^  \  .1      water. 

§^"2       Sinapine,  an  alkaloid. 
£  g    I   A  bland,  fixed  oil. 
'^        [^  Erucic  or  brassic  acid. 

.    .     .      ,     ^      •         f  Allvl  siilphocyauide,  the  vola- 
femigrin    (potassium    !       ^^^  ^-^  ^^  mustard,  produced 

myronate) i       ^     reaction  of  these  two   in 

Myrosm,  a  ferment.    ^      ^^^^  presence  of  water. 
Sinapine,  an  alkaloid. 
A  bland,  fixed  oil. 
^  Erucic  or  brassic  acid. 


TO 

a  I 


c3 


Mustard  is  used  internally  as  a  stomachic,  carmi- 
native, stimulant,  and  emetic;  slightly  diuretic  and 
laxative.  Large  doses  are  irritant.  Externally  as 
a  rubefacient,  vesicant,  and  suppurant.  If  mustard 
paste  is  rubbed  upon  the  skin  of  a  horse  it  causes 
redness,  heat,  tenderness,  and  some  swelling  in  about 
twenty  minutes.    If  allowed  to  remain  on,  vesication 


TOPICAL   AGENTS.  197 

occurs  in  from  two  to  six  hours,  and  later  these  vesi- 
cles rupture  and  coalesce.  If  pure  mustard  has  been 
used  pustules  may  form,  causing  a  sloughing  of  the 
skin  and  destruction  of  the  hair  roots.  Mustard  acts 
more  promptly  than  cantharides,  but  its  effects  are 
not  so  permanent.  It  is  the  most  suitable  blister  for 
cattle,  but  should  not  be  used  full  strength  for  the  dog 
or  sheep.  Mustard  is  used  in  catarrh,  sore  throat, 
laryngitis  and  pharyngitis,  bronchitis,  pneumonia, 
pleuris}",  indigestion,  colic,  chronic  rheumatic  affec- 
tions of  the  joints  in  cattle.  In  parturient  apoplexy 
in  the  cow;  sometimes  applied  over  the  kidneys  to 
promote  diuresis  by  counter-irritation.  Its  effects 
may  be  increased  by  adding  a  small  amount  of  tur- 
pentine. The  volatile  oil  of  mustard  is  sometimes 
used  to  sharpen  liniments,  but  must  be  cautiously 
used,  not  only  on  account  of  its  great  activity,  but 
also  because  of  its  toxic  properties. 

Pulvis  Siuapis  Seminis,  powdered  mustard  seed. 
Dose:  H.  and  C,  3  ij.-vi. ;  D.,  gr.  x.-xx. ;  as  an 
emetic,  gr.  xxx.-  3  i.,  in  w^arm  w^ater. 

Fix  Liquida  and  Oleum  Picis  Liquidce.  See 
under  Turpentines,  etc. 

C amphora.     See  under  Camphor. 

Terebinthina.     See  under  Turpentine. 

Capsicum.     See  under  Capsicum. 

Cantharis,  cantharides,  Spanish  ^y.  The  dried 
insect,  Cantharis  vesicatoria,  foimd  i?i  southern  Eu- 
rope. The  insect  has  a  predilection  for  lilac,  ash, 
elder,  honeysuckle,  and  rose  bushes.  It  is  gathered 
during  the  months  of  May  and  June,  being  destroyed 


198  VETERIKARY   MATERIA    MEDICA. 

at  night  by  turpentine  fumes.  The  flies  are  six  to 
ten  lines  in  length,  two  to  three  lines  broad,  and 
weigh  one  and  one-half  to  two  grains.  The  parts  of 
their  greenish,  bronze-like  wings  are  discernible  in 
the  powdered  drug.  Cantharides  may  be  extracted 
by  maceration  in  alcohol,  ether,  acetic  acid,  fixed  and 
volatile  oils.  Its  active  principle— can tharidin — of 
which  it  contains  about  two  per  cent.,  occurs  as  col- 
orless scales  or  crystals,  insoluble  in  H^O,  but  soluble 
in  alcohol,  ether,  acetic  acid,  chloroform,  and  oils. 
The  activity  of  Spanish  fly  is  impaired  by  age.  It 
must  be  kept  in  well-stoppered  bottles. 

Physiological  Actions. — Cantharides  is  a  pow- 
erful irritant,  and  produces  its  effect  upon  any  part 
of  the  animal  organism  with  which  the  free  can- 
tharidin  is  brought  in  contact.  Externally  applied 
it  stimulates  and  vesicates,  and  is  used  as  a  coun- 
ter-irritant. Taken  internally  it  irritates  the  diges- 
tive mucous  membranes,  large  doses  producing  vio- 
lent gastro-enteritis,  strangury,  and  hsematuria. 

Cantharides  produce  redness,  vesication,  and 
sloughing  of  the  skin  or  mucous  surfaces,  in  accord- 
ance to  the  strength  of  the  preparation  used  and 
the  length  of  time  it  is  left  on.  The  usual  "  canthar- 
ides blister,"  vesicates  in  from  four  to  twelve  hours; 
the  vesicles  soon  burst  and  discharge  a  yellowish  ser- 
ous fluid,  which  must  be  carefully  wiped  awaj",  as 
in  many  instances  this  also  will  vesicate.  The  sur- 
rounding parts  should  always,  therefore,  be  protected 
by  the  use  of  lard,  vaseline,  etc.  Cantharides  is  given 
internally  in  chronic  cystitis  and  to  prevent  the  invol- 


TOPICAL   AGENTS.  199 

iintary  escape  of  nrine  from  the  bladder,  due  to  relax- 
ation of  the  sphincter  vesicae.  It  is  also  recommended 
for  mares  and  cows  slow  in  coming  to  service,  but  its 
aphrodisiac  effects  are  uncertain.  Externally,  can- 
tharidal  ointments  are  applied  to  stimulate  indolent 
wounds  and  ulcers,  and  to  develop  and  determine 
slow-forming  abscesses — as  in  strangles ;  also  to  help 
in  the  absorption  and  liquefaction  of  products  of  in- 
flammatory processes;  to  open  joint — the  resulting 
inflammation  and  swelling  sometimes  check  the 
escape  of  synovia.  Similarly  applied  in  umbilical 
hernia  of  foals  and  calves;  as  a  counter-irritant  to 
relieve  irritability  of  larynx,  chronic  cough,  and  in- 
flammation of  deeper-seated  structures;  mild  prepa- 
rations to  the  chest  walls  in  pleurodynia  and  pleurisy ; 
along  the  spine  in  spinitis,  chronic  paralysis,  enceph- 
alitis, puerperal  apoplexy;  also  to  rheumatic  swell- 
ings of  the  articulations,  especially  if  chronic. 
Inflammation  of  bursse,  tendons,  articulations,  liga- 
tnents,  and  bones  are  treated  with  cantharides  prepa- 
rations of  varying  strength.  The  usual  ointment  is 
twelve  per  cent.,  but  much  stronger  may  be  employed 
if  required. 

Cantharides  liniment  (cantharides  siss.,  extracted 
by  alcohol  3  xiv.,  and  oil  of  turpentine  3  ij.),  so-called 
"sweating  blister,"  may  be  repeatedly  used  without 
blemishing. 

A  very  good  stimulant  and  absorbent  ointment  is 
composed  of  powdered  cantharides  giss.,  powdered 
camphor  gss.,  oil  of  turpentine  siss.,  biniodide  of 
mercury    gi.,   and  resin  cerate    gxij.;    to  be  made 


200  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

without  tho  aid  of  heat.  Is  ready  for  use  in  about 
ten  to  twelve  days  after  preparation. 

Euphorhiiim^  an  acrid  resin  obtained  from  the  Eu- 
phorbia resinifera,  natural  order  Euphorbiacese.  Is  a 
very  energetic  irritant,  vesicant,  and  pustulant,  but 
for  horses  and  dogs  is  rather  too  unmanageable.  An 
alcoholic  solution  (six  per  cent.)  is  said  to  be  the  bet- 
ter Avay  of  using  it  as  a  vesicant.  It  is,  however, 
sometimes  added  to  blistering  ointments  to  increase 
their  activit3^ 

Oleum  Tiglii.     See  under  Croton  Oil. 

Emollients  and  Demulcents. 

Petrolatum,  petroleum  jelly,  commonly  called  vas- 
eline, cosmoline,  etc.  Is  a  jelly-like  preparation,  ob- 
tained from  the  residuum  of  petroleum  and  afterward 
purified.  It  is  soluble  in  ether,  chloroform,  fixed  and 
volatile  oils;  insoluble  in  alcohol  and  w^ater.  It  is 
tasteless  or  nearly  so,  odorless,  and  of  a  neutral  reac- 
tion. It  is  non-oxidizable,  and  hence  does  not  become 
rancid,  and  therefore  makes  a  most  excellent  basis  for 
ointments.  It  is  used  as  an  emollient  and  lubricant; 
also  as  an  excipient  in  making  boluses  and  electuaries. 

Mel,  honey.  A  saccharine  secretion  deposited  in 
the  honeycomb  by  Apis  mellifica,  the  honey-bee,  an 
insect  of  the  order  Hymenoptera. 

Mel  Despumatum,  clarified  honey,  is  honey 
warmed,  skimmed,  and  strained,  with  five  per  cent, 
of  glycerin  added. 

Oxipnel  consists  of  honey  40,  acetic  acid  5,  and 
water  5  parts. 


TOPICAL   AGENTS.  201 

Limini,  flaxseed  or  linseed. 

Semen  Lini,  the  dried  seeds  of  Linum  usitatissi- 
mum. 

Oleum  Lini,  the  oil  expressed  from  the  seeds.  See 
under  Oleum  Lini. 

Farina  Lint,  Semen  Lini  Pulvis,  flaxseed  meal, 
linseed  meal.     The  ground  seeds. 

Linseed  cake,  the  residue  left  after  the  oil  has  been 
expressed  from  the  seeds,  is  used  as  a  food  for  cattle 
and  sheep  in  some  localities,  and  in  smaller  quantities 
is  fed  also  to  horses.  Linseed  gruel  or  tea  is  nutri- 
tious as  well  as  demulcent  and  lubricant;  hence 
is  given  to  animals  recovering  from  debilitating 
diseases;  also  as  a  vehicle  for  medicines  which 
might  irritate  the  alimentary  canal  during  their 
administration  or  action.  Linseed  meal  is  used  as 
a  poultice,  retaining  both  heat  and  moisture  very 
well.  The  oil  is  given  for  its  cathartic  qualities  as 
well  as  its  lubricant  and  demulcent  action.  See  under 
Oleum  Lini. 

Adeps  Suilli,  lard;  Adeps  Lance,  wool  fat  or  lan- 
olin, as  well  as  most  fixed  oils  (see  under  Oils  and 
Fats),  also  answer  the  same  purposes. 

Glycerinum,  glycerin,  glycerol,  prophenyl  hydrate. 
A  liquid  obtained  by  the  decomposition  of  fats  or 
fixed  oils,  and  containing  not  less  than  ninety-five 
per  cent,  of  absolute  glycerin  (CgHJHOJg).  It  is  a 
clear,  colorless  liquid,  of  syrupy  consistence;  oily  to 
the  touch,  hygroscopic,  odorless,  very  sweet  and 
slightly  warm  to  the  taste,  and  neutral  in  reaction. 
It  is  soluble  in  all  proportions  in  water  and  in  alcohol, 


^02  VETERINARY    MATERIA   MEDICA. 

in  a  mixture  of  alcohol  o  with  ether  1,  but  insoluble 
in  ether,  chloroform,  benzol,  or  fixed  oils.  Specific 
gravity  not  less  than  1.250. 

Actions  and  Uses. — Glycerin  is  chiefly  demul- 
cent and  emollient;  in  large  doses,  undiluted,  some- 
what irritant  to  the  local  mucous  membranes  whether 
given  per  os  or  per  rectum.  It  has  some  antiseptic 
and  antiparasitic  properties,  but  these  are  only  slight. 
Enemata  of  fl.  3  ij.-vi.  are  laxative  for  the  horse; 
fl.  3  ss.-i.  for  dogs.  It  forms  the  bases  for  many  anti- 
septic and  astringent  preparations,  and  is  added  to 
liniments  and  lotions  to  prevent  these  from  drying 
too  rapidly.     The  chief  glycerites  are: 

Ghjcerimini  Acidi  Carbolici,  glycerin  of  carbolic 
acid,  containing  twent}^  per  cent,  of  the  acid. 

Ghjcerinum  Ahuninis,  glycerin  of  alum,  contains 
fifteen  per  cent,  of  alum. 

Olycerinum  Tannmi,  glycerin  of  tannin,  contains 
twenty  per  cent,  of  tannin. 

Ghjcerinum  Plumbi,  glycerin  of  lead,  contains 
fifty  per  cent,  of  Goulard's  extract. 

Ghjcerinum  Amyli^  glycerin  of  starch,  contains 
starch  1,  water  3,  and  glycerin  5. 

The  last  of  these,  glycerin  of  starch,  is  of  the  con- 
sistence of  petrolatum,  and  like  the  latter  is  used  as 
an  ointment  base,  being  for  this  purpose  cleaner  than 
fatty  bases.  It  can  be  readily  washed  off,  but  the 
therapeutist  must  not  forget  the  incompatibility  of 
starch  with  preparations  of  iodine.  It  is  also  a  most 
excellent  excipient  in  making  pills  or  balls  of  quinine, 
etc. 


KEW   REMEDIES.  203 


MEMORANDA  ON   NEW   REMEDIES. 

Aristol  (syns.— Dithymoldiodide,  Annidalin)  is  a 
somewhat  unstable,  reddish-brown,  amorphous  pow- 
der, insoluble  in  water  and  glycerin,  slightly  soluble 
in  alcohol,  very  soluble  in  ether  and  in  collodion.  It 
is  also  taken  up  by  fatty  oils  and  vaseline  when 
rubbed  with  these.  It  is  prepared  by  the  decomposi- 
tion of  a  solution  of  iodine  in  iodide  of  potassium  by 
means  of  an  alcoholic  solution  of  thymol,  and  con- 
tains about  forty -six  per  cent,  of  iodine.  Aristol  was 
introduced  as  a  substitute  for  iodoform,  over  which 
it  has  the  advantage  of  being  odorless.  It  is  used  in 
the  same  manner  and  for  the  same  purposes  as  iodo- 
form. 

Formalin  (formaldehyde,  formic  aldehyde,  oxy- 
methylene,  f ormol) ,  an  aqueous  solution  of  formalde- 
hyde gas  (from  the  oxidation  of  methyl  alcohol),  con- 
centrated to  forty  per  cent.— CH,0=H.CO.H.  A 
clear,  colorless  liquid,  having  a  peculiar  pungent 
odor,  non-irritant,  non-toxic,  non-corrosive ;  a  power- 
ful surgical  and  general  antiseptic ;  used  also  as  a  food 
preservative  (1-1,000,000  :  5,000).  For  hardening 
anatomical  specimens,  four  to  ten  per  cent,  solution ; 
in  surgery,  one-fourth  to  one-half  per  cent,  solution. 

Hijdrogen  dioxide— Bfi,— a  clear,  colorless  liquid, 
resembling  in  every  way  water,  but  differing  from 
this  in  that  it  contains  one  more  atom  of  O.  Should 
be  kept  in  well-corked  bottles  and  in  a  cool  place. 
Its  strength  is  designated  by  volume— ^.e.,  when  vol- 


204  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

ume  is  spoken  of  in  connection  with  Hfi^  it  means 
capacity  for  holding  O.  One  pint  or  unit  of  H^O  one 
vokime  strong,  contains  one  pint  or  unit  of  O ;  while 
a  fifteen-volume  solution  contains  fifteen  units  of  O. 
When  fresh  and  in  good  condition  Hfi^  is  one  of  the 
most  powerful  oxidizing  agents  known,  and  in  con- 
tact with  pus  forms  a  thick,  white  foam.  Dose :  H., 
fl.  ^ss.-ij.;  D.,  fl.  3  ss.-i.  Should  be  well  diluted 
with  water,  milk,  or  gruel.  Small  repeated  doses  are 
preferable  to  a  larger  single  dose. 

It  is  given  in  choleraic  complaints,  d^^spepsia,  diar- 
rhoea, and  intestinal  disorders  accompanied  by  a  ten- 
dency to  fermentation  and  flatulence.  It  checks  fer- 
mentation and  stimulates  the  gastric  and  intestinal 
fluids  to  a  normal  action.  Diseases  of  the  throat,  na- 
sal passages,  and  lungs  may  be  treated  with  a  spray 
of  H2O2,  1  part  in  5  to  15  of  water.  It  is  used  also 
locally  to  wounds,  sores,  ulcers,  fistulse,  punctured 
wounds  of  the  feet,  abscesses,  and  also  in  dentistry. 

Piperazinum  (syns.  —  Pyrazine  hexahydride, 
di-ethylenediamine,  piperazidine,  ethylene-imine) 
— C.iHj„]Sr, — is  a  synthetical  basic  compound,  formed 
by  the  action  of  ammonia  upon  ethylene  bromide,  and 
occurs  as  a  white,  crystalline  powder,  readily  soluble 
in  water.  It  liquefies  when  exposed  to  air,  from 
which  it  greedily  absorbs  H^O  and  CO^.  With  uric 
acid  it  forms  the  most  soluble  known  urate,  requiring 
but  50  parts  of  water  for  its  solution,  while  lithium 
urate  requires  368  parts  of  water  to  dissolve  it.  Pi- 
perazin  is  non-toxic,  non-irritant  to  mucous  mem- 
branes, is  readily  absorbed  from  the  stomach,  and 


PRESCRIPTION    WRITING.  205 

circulates  in  the  blood  unchanged.     It  has  been  rec- 
ommended in  rheumatism  and  azoturia.     Dose:  iJ., 
3i.-iij.;  D.,  gr.  v.-xv. 
Barii  Chloridum.     See  under  Barium  Chloride. 

PRESCRIPTION  WRITING. 

Extemporaneous  prescriptions  are  formulae  written 
by  the  veterinarian  to  meet  the  requirements  of  an  in- 
dividual case.     They  are  divided  into  four  parts ;  viz. : 

1.  Superscription — consisting  of  a  specification  of 
the  specie  of  the  animal  (i.e.,  whether  horse,  cow,  or 
dog,  etc.),  and  the  owner's  name,  the  date,  and  the 
sign  1>  or  Rp. — meaning  Take!  or  Take  thou! 

2.  Inscription — which  is  the  real  body  of  the  pre- 
scription itself,  and  consisting  of  one  or  more  of  the 
following  subdivisions :  {a)  Basis  or  chief  ingredient; 
{h)  adjuvant,  to  assist  the  action  of  the  basis;  (c) 
corrective,  to  correct  some  injurious  or  undesirable 
quality  of  the  other  ingredients ;  (c?)  excipient  or  ve- 
hicle, which  give  it  form  or  bulk. 

3.  Subscription— the  directions  to  the  compounder, 
usually  expressed  in  Latin. 

4.  Signature— ihQ  directions  for  the  administration 
of  the  medicine,  written  in  English  or  Latin,  and  the 
signature  of  the  prescriber. 

A  prescription  may  contain  but  one  or  two  ingre- 
dients, but  nevertheless  should  be  written  out  in  the 
same  manner.  Simplicity  is  a  very  good  point  in 
prescribing,  but  a  judicious  blending  of  the  actions 
of  several  drugs  frequently  gives  a  more  decided  and 


206 


VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 


rapid  curative  effect.  The  above  order  should  be  fol- 
lowed out  as  nearly  as  possible,  writing  out  first  the 
names  of  all  the  ingredients,  and  then  their  quantity 
to  make  the  correct  dose.  An  example  will  be  the 
following  prescription : 


New  York,  February  1st,  1896. 
For  Mr.  Smith's  Mare. 

I^  Aloes  barbarlensis 3  vij. — Basis. 


Superscription. 
1 


Pulv.nucis  vomicae. 

Pulv.capsici   

Fid.  extr.  l)elladonu8e. 

Saponis  moll. 
Ut  fiat  bol.  No.  1. 
Sig.   Purgative  ball. 

Give  at  once. 

A.  C. 


3  1. 


— Adjuvant. 
!- Corrective.    ^Inscription 


Excipient. 
Subscription 


Hassloch,  v.  S. 


Signature. 


Wo7xls  and  Phrases  in  General  Use  in  Pre- 
scription Writing. — The  names  of  drugs  should  be 
written  out  as  fully  as  possible,  to  avoid  errors  on 
the  part  of  the  compounder : 


Adde,  add. 

Ana  or  aa,  of  each. 

Bis,  twice. 

Cum,  with. 

Cola,  strain. 

Coletur,  let  be  strained. 

Dein,  thereupon. 

Detur,  let  be  given. 

Divide,  divide. 

Dividatur,  let  be  divided. 

Et,  and. 

Fac,  make. 

Filtra,  filter. 

Fiat  or  fiant,  let  be  made. 

Misce,  mix. 

Solve,  dissolve. 

Non,  not. 


In  dies,  daily. 

Da,  give. 

Non  -  repetatur,  not  to  be  re- 
peated. 

Macera,  macerate. 

Ad  saturandem,  to  saturation. 

Quantum  sufiiciat  (q.  s. ),  as 
much  as  necessary. 

In  partes  sequales,  in  equal 
parts. 

Secundem  artem,  according  to 
art. 

Recipe  I^,  take. 

Signa,  write. 

Pro  re  nata,  according  to  need. 

Ter,  thrice. 

Quartet,  four  times. 


INCOMPATIBILITY.  207 


INCOMPATIBILITY. 


This  may  be  either  chemical,  pharmaceutical,  or 
therapeutical,  according  as  the  result  is  chemical  de- 
composition, physical  disassociation,  or  antagonistic 
physiological  action.  Simplicity  in  prescribing  will 
to  a  great  extent  circumvent  all  of  this. 

The  following  are  a  few  facts  which  may  well  be 
borne  in  mind  so  as  to  avoid  incompatibility :  Strong 
acids  decompose  salts  of  weaker  acids,  form  ethers 
when  combined  with  alcohol,  and  should  not  be  com- 
bined with  hydrates  or  carbonates.  Potassium  iodide 
decomposes  metallic  salts  and  is  best  given  alone. 
Silver  nitrate  and  the  acetate  and  subacetate  of  lead, 
although  incompatible  with  almost  everything,  com- 
bine well  with  opium.  Tannin  and  gallic  acid,  and 
substances  containing  them,  precipitate  albumin,  al- 
kaloids, and  most  soluble  metallic  salts  and  gelatin. 
Iodine  and  iodides  are  incompatible  with  alkaloids 
and  substances  containing  them. 

Alkalies  neutralize  free  acids;  poisonous  com- 
pounds are  formed  by  the  admixture  of  several  sub- 
stances—such as  potassium  iodide  or  syrup  of  iodide 
of  iron,  with  potassium  chlorate.  Potassium  cyanide 
or  hydrocyanic  acid  dilute  with  calomel,  bismuth 
salts,  metallic  hydrates,  carbonates,  subnitrates,  or 
subchlorides,  forming  poisonous  cyanides. 

Explosive  compounds  result  from  mixing  powerful 
oxidizing  agents  with  others  which  are  readily  oxi- 
dizable.     The  chief  members  of  these  two  classes  are : 


208  VETERINARY    MATERIA    MEDICA. 

Oxidizers. — Nitric  acid,  free  hydrochloric  acid, 
chromic  acid,  nitrohydrochloric  acid,  potassium 
chlorate,  potassium  permanganate. 

OxiDiZABLE  OR  COMBUSTIBLE,— Glycerin,  sugar, 
alcohols,  oils  and  ethers,  sulphur  and  sulphides,  dry 
organic  substances,  phosphorus. 

Pharmaceutical  incompatihility  differs  from 
chemical  incompatibility  in  the  absence  of  chemi- 
cal action,  and  is  generally  caused  by  adding  one 
substance  to  another,  which,  through  differences  in 
solubility,  cause  a  precipitation  of  solid  matter  or  a 
separation  of  part  of  the  liquid.  Examples  of  phar- 
maceutical incompatibility  are: 

Resinous  tinctures  or  fluid  extracts  with  aqueous 
solutions.  Essential  oil  with  aqueous  liquids  in 
quantities  exceeding  1  drop  to  3  i.  Tinctures  made 
with  alcohol  with  those  made  with  diluted  alcohol. 
Alcoholic  tinctures  and  fluid  extracts  w^th  aqueous 
preparations.  Infusions  generally,  with  metallic 
salts. 

Therapeutical  incompatihility  arises  when  two 
agents  are  administered  together  which  oppose  each 
other  in  action  on  the  system — as  phj^sostigmine  with 
belladonna;  morphine  wnth  atropine.  The  latter, 
however,  are  frequently  used  together,  the  one  to  act 
as  a  guard  against  excessive  action  of  the  other.  See 
also  under  Antagonists  of  the  various  drugs,  under 
their  respective  titles. 


INDKX. 


Absolute  Alcohol lis 

A.  C.  E.  Mixture 129 

Acetauilid I6i 

Aeetanilidum 161 

Acetate  of  Ammonia,  solution 

of 62 

Acetate  of  Copper 86 

Acetate  of  Lead 87 

Acetate  of  Morphine 136 

Acetate  of  Potassium 52 

Acetate  of  Zinc 89 

Acetic  Acid,  Diluted 65 

Acetic  Acid,  Pure 6i 

Acetum 65 

Acetum  Plumbi 87 

Acid,  Acetic,  Diluted 65 

Acid,  Acetic.  Pure 64 

Acid,  Arsenious 45 

Acid,  Boracic 194 

Acid,  Boric 194 

Acid  Carbolic.  Crude 163 

Acid.  Carbolic.  Glycerin  of.  ••163-202 

Acid,  Carbolic,  Ointment  of 163 

Acid,  Carbolic,  Pure 162 

Acid.  Carbolic,  solution  of 163 

Acid,  Gallic 81 

Acid,  Gallotannie 81 

Acid,  Hydrobromic,  Diluted...  141 

Acid,  Hydrochloric 35 

Acid,  Hydrochloric,  Diluted...  34 

Aci  I,  Muriatic ..  35 

Acid,  Muriatic.  Diluted 34 

Acid.  Nitric 35 

Acid,  Nitric,  Diluted 34 

Acid,  Nitro-Hydroehloric 35 

Acid,  Nitro-Hydrochloric.  Di- 
luted   34 

Acid.  Phosphoric 36 

Aci. I,  Phosphoric,  Diluted 35 

Acids 18 

Acids,  Mineral 34 

Acid,  Salicylic 166 

Acid.  Sulphuric 35 

Acid,  Sulphuric,  Aromatic 34 

Acid,  Sulphuric,  Diluted 34 

Acid,  Tannic 81 

Acid  um  Aceticum  Dilutum  —  65 

Acid um  Aceti cum  Purum 64 

Acidum  Arseniosum 45 

Acidum  Boracicum 194 


PAGE. 

Acidum  Boricum 194 

Acidum  Carbolicum  Crudum..  163 
Acidum    Carbolicum    Purum 

Liquefactum 162 

Acidum  Gallicum 81 

Acidum   Hydrobromicum  Di- 
lutum   141 

Acidum  Hydrochloricum 35 

Acidum  Hydrochloricum  Dilu- 
tum   34 

Acidum  Muriaticum 35 

Acidum  Muriaticum  Dilutum.  34 

Acidum  Nitricum 35 

Acidum  Nitricum  Diiutum 34 

Acidum    N  i  t  r  o-Hydrochlori- 

cum 35 

Acidum    Nitr o-Hydrochlori- 

cum  Dilutam 3i 

Acidum  Nitro-Muriaticum 35 

Acidum  Nitro-Muriaticum  Di- 
lutum   34 

Acidum  Phosphoricum 36 

Acidum    Phosphoricum  Dilu- 
tum    35 

Aciilum  Salicylicum 166 

Acidum  Sulphuricum 35 

Acidum  Sulphuricum  Aroma- 

ticum 34 

Acidum     Sulphuricum    Dilu- 
tum    34 

Acidum  Tannicum 81 

Acidifiers,  Urinary 24 

Aconite 150 

Aconite.  Fluid  Extract  of 151 

Aconite,  Solid  Extract  of. 150 

Aconite,  Tincture  of 151 

Aconite.    Tincture    of,   Flem- 
ing's    151 

Aconitina 151 

Aonitine 151 

Aconitiue,  Oleate  of I5i 

Aconitum 150 

Adeps 38 

Adeps  Lanae 201 

Adeps  Suilli 201 

Administration  of  Medicines..  9 

Aerugo 86 

^ther 123 

Mther  Chloricus 129 

^ther  Fortior 123 


210 


INDEX, 


Agents  acting  on  Excretion ...  24 

Agents  acting  on  Microbes,  etc.  2y 

Agents  acting  on  Parasites 2y 

Agents  acting  on  the  Circula- 
tion    10 

Agents  acting  on  the  Digestive 

Aiiparatus 17 

Agents  acting  on  the  Gener- 
ative Apparatus 20 

Agents  acting  on  the  Nervous 

System 11 

Agents  acting  on  the  Respir- 
atory Apparatus 15 

Agents  acting  on  the  Slcin  --'V 

Agents     acting     upon     Each 

Other 29 

Agents  affecting  Metabolism. .  22 
Agents  affecting  the  Organs  of 

Special  Sense U 

Agents,  Topical 190 

Alcohol ]  18-119 

Alcohol,  Absolute 118 

Alcohol  Absolutum 118 

Alcohol,  Amylic 118 

Alcohol,  Diluted 119 

Alcohol  Dilutum  119 

Alcohol,   Ethylic lis 

Alcohol  Methylie 118 

Alcoholic  Extractor  Belladon- 
na Leaf 10.5 

Aldehyde,  Formic 203 

Alder.  Black 178 

Ale 120 

Alkalies 18 

Alkalizers,  Urinary 2i 

Alkaloids 3 

Aloe  Barbadensis 175 

Aloe  Capiensis 170 

Aloe  Socotrinae 175 

Aloes,  Barbadoes 175 

Aloes,  Cape 170 

Aloes.  Socotrine 175 

Alteratives 23, 70 

Alteratives.  Uterine 27 

Alum 91,  172 

Alum,  Dried 92 

Alum,  Exsiccated 92 

Alum,  Glycerin  of. 202 

Alumen 91,172 

Alumen  Exsiccatum 92 

Alumen  Ustum 92 

American  Hellebore 15i 

American  Hellebore  Boot,  fluid 

extractof 15t 

American      Hellebore      Boot. 

Tincture  of ini. 

American  Wormseed ih5 

Ammonia,  Aromatic.  Spirit  of.  02 

Ammonia.  Carbonate  of 02 

Ammonia,  Caustic oi 

Ammonia,  Concentrated 01 


PAGE. 

Ammonia  Liniment 02 

Ammonia,  Muriate  of 62 

Ammonia.  Solution  of  Acetate 

of 02 

Ammonia,  Stronger  water  of. .  ci 

Ammonia,  Water  of 01 

Ammonii  Bromidum ill 

Ammonii  Carbonas 02 

Am monii  Chloridum 02 

Ammonii  lodidum 7i 

Ammonii  Murias 02 

Ammonium.  — 01 

Ammonium,  Bromide  of 141 

Ammonium,  Chloride  of 02 

Ammonium,  Iodide  of. -. 7i 

Amvl  Hydrate. lix 

Amyl  JN'itris 158 

Amyl,  Nitrite  of. 15S 

Amylic,  Alcohol 118 

Anaesthesia,      Contra-indica- 

tions  for. 130 

Anaesthetic  Mixtures 129 

Anaesthetics 13 

Aaaesth  etics.  General 13 

Anaesthetics,  Local  13  14 

Analgesics 13 

Analgesine 100 

Anaplirodisiacs. 26 

Anhidrotics  . 25 

Anhydride,  Boric. 194 

Annidalin 203 

Anodyne,  Hoffmann's  124 

Anodynes.. 13 

Anodynes,  General 13 

Anodynes,  Local.. 13 

Antacids. I8 

Antacids,  Direct 19 

Antacid.e.  Indirect 19 

Antacids.  Remo-e. 19 

Antagonists 30 

Anthelmintics 22,184 

Antidotes. 29 

Antidotes  for  arsenical  poison- 
ing     4" 

Anti-emetics 19 

Antifebrin 101 

Antilithics. 25 

Antimonii  et    Potaspae    Tar- 

tras 172 

Antimony  and  Potassium,  Tar- 
trate of 172 

Antiperiodics. 24, 160 

Antiphlogistics.. 24 

Antipyretics.        23,  I60 

Antipyrin. lOO 

Antipyrinum I60 

Antiseptics 29 

Antisialics. 18 

Antispasmodics 14 

Antizymotics.. 29.  ion 

Aperients. 20 


INDEX. 


211 


Aphrodisicacs 26 

Aiiumorphiua. i:;5, 172 

Apomoruliine i:i5, 172 

A(iua  Ammoniae Gl 

Aqua  Ammoniae  ti)nius 01 

Aqua  Caleis 59 

Aqua  Camphorae Ill 

AquaFonis. 35 

A(iua  Menthae  Piperitae 170 

AquaPiumbi 87 

A(iua  Regia 36 

Aquae 3 

Aqueous  Extract  of  Opium —  135 

AquilaAlba. 77 

Areea  Nut 184 

Areca  Nut,  Powdered.....  184 

Arecae  Semina. 184 

Argenti  Nitras  84 

Argenti  Nitras  Fusus 84 

Argentum. 84 

Aristol 203 

Arnica  Flowers. 157 

Arnica  Flowers,  tincture  of —  158 

Aromatic  Spirit  of  Ammonia-.  62 

Aromatic  Sulphuric  Acid 34 

Arsenic-     45 

Arsenic.  White - 45 

Arsenical  Poisoning,  antidotes 

for 47 

Arsenicum 45 

Arsenious  Acid 45 

Arseaite  of  Potassium,  Solu- 
tion of. 46 

Arseaium... 45 

Asafoetida 113 

Asafoetida,  Emulsion  of 114 

Asafoetida.  Tincture  of 114 

Asagroea  Officinalis 154 

Aspidium 185 

Astringents 28,  81 

A'-^tringents,  Local 28 

Astringents,  Systemic 28 

Atropiuae  Sulphas 105 

Atropine.... 104 

Atropine.  Derivative^  ot. 104 

Atropine,  Sulphate  of 105 

Auditory    Nerve.    Excitalnlity 

of 15 

Baking  Soda 56 

Ball 7 

Balsam  of  Fir 188 

Barbadoes  Aloes 175 

Barii  Chloridum .182-205 

Barium.  Chloride  of 182.205 

Bark,  Buckthorn 178 

Bark,  Calisaya 48 

Bark,  Cinchona,  Powdered —  49 

Bark.Pale 48 

Bark,  Peruvian 48 

Bark.  Red 48 

Bark,  Sacred 178 


PAGE. 

Bark.  White-Oak 83 

Bark,  Yellow 48 

Basilicon  Ointment 190 

Bean,  Calabar 147-148 

Bean.  Calabar,  powdered 148 

Beer 120 

Belladonna 104 

Belladonna  Leaf,  powdered...  106 

Belladonna  Leaf,  tincture  of..  105 

Belladonna,  Linimentof 105 

Belladonna,  Ointment  of 106 

Belladonna  Root,  fluid  extract 

of 105 

Belladonnine 104 

Berries,  Buckthorn —  178 

Biborate  of  Sodium 57 

Bicarbonate  of  Sodium 56 

Bicarbonate  of  Potassiu m 53 

Bichloride  of  Mercury 76 

Biniodide  of  Mercury 78 

Bismuth 45 

Bismuth,  Subcarbonate 45 

Bismuth,  Subiodide 45 

Bismuth,  Subnitrate 45 

Bismuthi  Subnitras 45 

Bismuthi  Subcarbonas 54 

Bismuthi  Subiodidum 54 

Bismuthum 45 

Bisulphate  of  Quinine 50 

Bitartrate  of  Potassium 180 

Bitter  Tonics 47 

Black  Alder 178 

Black  Mustard  172 

Black  Oil 18O 

Bleaching  Powder 60 

Blister.  Sweating 199 

Blisters 27 

Blue  Mass 183 

Blue  Ointment 76 

Blue  Rocket 150 

Blue-stone 86 

Blue  Vitriol 86 

Bolus 7 

Boracic  Acid 194 

Borate  of  Sodium 57 

Borax — 57 

Boric  Acid. 194 

Boric  Anhydride 194 

Boroglyceride , 195 

Bougia 7 

Bougies 7 

Brandy 119 

Brimstone 67 

Bromide  of  Ammonium 141 

Bromide  of  Calcium 141 

Bromide  of  lithium 141 

Bromide  of  Potassium 53. 140 

Bromide  of  Sodium 141 

Bromides >...  140 

Bromine  and  Bromides.      ....  140 

Bromum 140 


212 


INDEX. 


Buchu,  fluid  extract  of irt 

Buchu  Folia 186 

Buchu  Leaves 18G 

Buckthorn  Bark 178 

Buckthorn  Berries 178 

Buckthorn,  California 178 

Buckihorns 178 

Burguudy,  Pitch 190 

Butter,  Cacao ;^9 

Cacao  Butter 39 

Caffeina 117,  186 

Caffeine 117.  186 

CaUibarBean 117 

Calabar  Bean,  powdered 148 

Calcii  Bromidum 141 

Calcii  Carbonas  Praecipitatus.  59 

Calcii  Phosphas  Praecipitatus .  59 

Calcium 59 

tJalcium,  Bromide  of l+i 

Calcium,  Carbonate  of 59 

Calcium,  Oxide  of 59 

Calcium,    Precipitated    Plios- 

phate  of 59 

Calcium,  Sulphide  of OG 

California  Buckthorn 178 

Calisaya  Bark  48 

Calomel. 77.  in.i,  i86 

Calx 59 

Calx  Chlorata 60 

CalxSulphurata m 

Carapho-phenique. 164 

Camphor ..ill,  197 

Cami)hor,  Compound  Tincture 

of. 112 

Camphor,  Liniment  of 112 

Camphor,     Liniment,      ('oni- 

pound 112 

Camphor,  Monobromide  --.iri,  Ul 

Camphor, powdered ill 

Camphor,  Spirit  of Ill 

Camphor  Water ill 

Camphora. ill,  197 

Caraphora  Monobromata. ...1I2,  Ui 

Camphora  Pulvis Ill 

Camphorated  Oil 112 

Camphorated  Soap  Spirit 112 

Camphorated    Tincture    of 

Opium 135 

Canada  Pitch 190 

Canada  Turpentine 188 

Cannabis  Indica 115 

Cautharides 197 

Cantharides  Liniment. 199 

Cantharidin. 198 

Cantharis 194,  197 

CapeAloes 176 

Capsicum.     1R7,  197 

Capsicum,  fluid  extract  f.f .  —  187 

Capsicum.  Oleorosin  of 187 

Capsicum  Pulvis 187 

Capsicum,  Tincture  of .  187 


PAOK. 

Capsulae 7 

Capsules 7 

Carbolic  Acid 162 

Carbolic  Acid,  Crude 163 

Carbolic  Acid,  Glycerin  of.- -163,  '202 

Carbolic  Acid,  Ointment  of 163 

Carbolic  Acid,  Pure 162 

Carbolic  Acid,  Solution  of 163 

Carbolized  Glycerite  of  lodo- 

Tannin 73 

Carbolized  Iodine 72 

Carbolized  Oil 163 

Carbonate  of  Ammonia 02 

Carbonate  of  Calcium 59 

Carbonate  of  Iron,  Mass  of —  45 
Carbonate   of  Iron,   Sacehnr- 

ated 42 

Carbonate  of  Magnesium 179 

Carbonate  of  Potassium.. 53 

Carbonate  of  Sodium 56 

Carbonate  of  Zinc 89 

Cardiac  Sedatives i : 

Cardiac  Stimulants i  o 

Cardiac  Tonics 17 

Carminatives 20 

Carnallite 52 

CascaraSa^rada 178 

Castor  Oil 38, 174,  17« 

Cataplasmata 8 

Catechu 83 

Catechu,  Compound  Tincture 

of 83 

Cathartics 20. 174 

Caustic  Ammonia c.i 

Caustic,  Lunar 84 

Caustic  Potash 52 

Caustics 28 

Cayenne  Pepper 187 

Cerata 3 

Cerates 3 

Cerate,  Resin 190 

Ceratuni  Resinae 190 

Cerebral  Depressant  s 12.  lis 

Cerebral  Excitants 12.  ill 

Cevadilline 154 

Cevadine 154 

Chalk,  Precipitated 59 

Chenopodium 185 

Chinoidin 49 

Chloral 131 

Chloral  Hydrate 131 

Chlorate  of  Potassium 53 

Chloride  of  Ammonium 62 

Chloride  of  Barium 1 82,  205 

Chloride  of  Iron,  Tincture  of. .  43 

Chloride  of  Lime 60 

Chloride  of  Mercury,  Corros- 
ive   75 

Chloride  of  Sodium 56 

Chloride  of  Zinc. 89 

Chlorinated  Limo 6C 


INDEX. 


213 


VMiK. 

Chlorine ••••  no 

cnilorof  orm. 127 

Chloroform,  Commercial 128 

Chloroform  Liniment 128 

Chloroform    Liniment,    Com- 
pound   128 

Chloroform,  Pu rified 128 

Chloroform,  Spirit  of 129 

Chloroformum 127 

Chloroformum  Purificatum.--  128 

Chloroformum  Venale.  12S 

Chlorum 170 

Cholagogue  Purgatives. 21,  I8a 

Cholagogues 21 

Ciliary  Excitants.  IG 

Cinchona  •  •  48 

Cinchona     Bark,     Compound 

Tinctureof 50 

Cinchona  Bark,  Powdered. —  49 

Cinchona,  Composition  of 48 

Cincnona,  Compound  Tinctui-e 

of 50 

Cinchona  Flava 48 

Cinchona,  Infusion  of 50 

Cinchona  Pallida 48 

Cinchona,  Preparations  of .  —  49 

Cinchona  Rubra 48 

Cinchonia 49 

Cinchonidina 49 

Cinchonidinae  Sulphas 50 

Cinchonidiue. 49 

Cinchonidine,  Sulphate  of. —  50 

Cinchonine 49 

Citrate  of  Iron  and  Quinine —  51 

Clarified  Honey 2no 

Classiflcation  of  Medicines .  •  • .  lO 

Clysters 8 

Cocainae  Hydrochloras .116  is6 

Cocainae  Murias -116, 186 

Cocaine 186 

Cocaine,  Hydrochlorate  of. .  .116, 186 

Cocaine.  Muriate  of 116, 186 

Codeina 135,  136 

Codeinae  Phosphas 137 

Codeine 135, 136 

Codeine.  Phosphate  of 137 

Cod-Liver  Oil 38 

Colehici  Radix 79 

Colchici  Radicis  Pulvis 80 

Colehici  Semen  79 

Colchici  Seminis  Pulvis 80 

Colchicina 80 

Colchicine 80 

Colchicum 79 

Col<'hicum  Root,  Powdered  —  80 
Colchicum  Seed,  fluid  extract 

of.   PO 

Colchicum  Seed.  Powdered-  •  •  •  80 

CoUodia.. 4 

Collodion.. 4,124 

Collodion.  Flexible.. I2i 


PACE. 

Collodion,  Styptic. 124 

Collodium 124 

Collodium  Flexile 124 

Collodium  Stypticum 124 

Colophony 190 

CoUunarim —  8 

CoUyrium 8 

Commercial  Chloroform 128 

Common  Salt 56 

Composition  of  Cinchona 48 

Composition  of  Mustard 196 

Compound     Camphor     Lini- 
ment   112 

Compound   Chloroform   Lini- 
ment   128 

Compound  Powder    of    Rhu- 
barb    179 

Compound  Solution  of  Iodine.  71 

Compound  Spirit  of  Ether 124 

Compound  Tincture  of  Cam- 
phor   112 

Compound   Tincture    of  Cin- 
chona    50 

Compound  Tincture   of    Cin- 
chona Bark,  U.S.P 50 

Compound  Tinct.  of  Gentian..  48 

Concentrated  Ammonia 61 

Contra-indications  for  anaes- 
thesia   130 

Convallamarin 103 

Convallamarinum i  ^3 

Convallaria 103 

Convallaria,  fluid  extract  of. . .  103 

Coordination  of  Movement 14 

Copper 86 

Copper,  Acetate  of 86 

Copper  Poisoning 86 

Copper,  Sulphate  of 86, 171 

Copperas 42 

Corrosive  Chloride  of  Mercury.  75 

Corrosive  Sublimate 75 

Cosmoline 200 

Cotton-seed  Oil 39 

Cotton.  Styptic 43 

Cream  of  Tartar 180 

Croton  Oil 39,  isi,  200 

Crude  Carbolic  Acid 163 

Cupri  Acetas 86 

Cupri  Sulphas 86,171 

Cuprum 86 

Cutch 83 

Deadly  Nightshade 104 

Decocta 4 

Decoctions 4 

Deliriaats 12 

Demulcents 28.  200 

Depressants,  Hepatic 22 

Depressants,  Renal 24 

Depressants,  Respi  rat  ory 15 

Depressants.  Urerino 26 

Derivatives  of  Atropine 104 


2U 


INDEX. 


Diaphoretics. 25 

Diaphoretics,  Nauseating 25 

Diaphoretics,  llefrigerant 25 

Diaphoretics,  Simple 25 

Di-etliylenediamiue 204 

Digestive  Fermeats 32 

Digitalein 99 

Di  gitalin 99 

Digitalinum 99 

Digitalis 98, 186 

Digitalis,  fluid  extract  of 99 

Digitalis,  infusion  of 99 

Digitalis  Leaf,  powdered 99 

Digitalis,  Solid  Extract  of 99 

Digitalis,  Tincture  of 99 

Digitin 99 

Digitonin 99 

Digitoxin 99 

Diluents 25 

Diluted  Acetic  Acid 65 

Diluted  Alcohol 119 

Diluted  Hydrobromic  Acid 141 

Diluted  Hydrochloric  Acid 34 

Diluted  iSiitric  Acid 34 

Diluted     Nitr  o-hydrochloric 

Acid 34 

Diluted  Phosphoric  Acid 35 

Diluted  Solution  of  Subacetate 

of  Lead 87 

Diluted  Sulphuric  Acid 34 

Dimethylphenylpyrazolon 160 

Dioxide  of  Hydrogen 203 

Direct  Antacids 19 

Direct  Emmenagogues 26 

Discus 8 

Discutients 23 

Disinfectants 29 

Disk 8 

Disks  of  Physostigmine 148 

Dispensatory 3 

Dithymoldiodide 203 

Diuretics 24,  186 

Diuretics,  Hydragogno 186 

Diuretics,  Refrigerant 186 

Diuretics,  Stimulant 186 

Doses,  Table  of 31 

Double  hydrochlorate  of  Qui- 
nine and  Urea 50 

Douche,  Nasal 8 

Dover's  Powder 136, 1^3 

Drastic  Purgatives 20, 181 

Draught 9 

Dr.  Carl  Seller's  Solution 58 

Dreneh 9 

Dried  Alum 92 

Dried  Sulphate  of  Iron 43 

Drugs 2 

E.  C.  A.  Mixture 129 

Ecbolics 26 

Eleetuaria 8 

Electuaries 8 


PAGK. 

Elixir  Paregoric 135 

Elixiria i 

Elixirs { 

Emetics 19,  I7i 

Emetics,  General 19 

Emetics,  Local 19 

Emetics,  Systemic 19 

Emmenagogues 26, 194 

Emmenagogues,  Direct 26 

Emmenagogues,  Indirect 26 

Emollients 28,  200 

Emplastra 4 

Emulsion  of  Asafoetida 114 

Emulsiones 8 

Emulsions 8 

Emulsum  Asafoetidae 114 

Endermic  Method 10 

Enemata 8 

Enepidermic  Method 10 

English  Mustard 196 

Epidermic  Method 10 

Epispastics 27 

Epsom  Salt 179 

Equilibrium,  Maintenance  of.  14 

Ergot 96 

Ergot,  fluid  extract  of 97 

Ergot  of  Rye 96 

Ergot,  powdered 97 

Ergot,  solid  extract  of 97 

Ergota 96 

Ergota  Pulvis 97 

Ergotin 97 

Ergotole 97 

Erythroxylon  Coca 116 

Escharotics 28 

Eserinae  Salicylas 148, 182 

Eserinae  Sulphas 148. 182 

Eserine,  Salicylate  of 148, 182 

Eserine,  Su Iphate  of 148, 182 

Essence  of  Peppermint 170 

Ether 123 

Ether,  Commercial 123 

Ether,  compound  spirit  of.  —  123 

Ether,  nitrous,  spirit  of 125 

Ether,  stronger. 123 

Ethyl  Hydrate lis 

Ethyl.  Nitrite  of. 159 

Ethylene-imiue. 204 

Ethyli  Nitris 159 

Ethylic  Alcohol ...  118 

Euphorbium 200 

European  Hellebore. 154 

Evaciients. 171 

Excitability    of  the   Auditory 

Nerve 15 

Excitants.  Ciliary I6 

Expectorants.. 16 

Expectorants.  Nauseating .  —  I6 

Expectorants,  Stimulant. 16 

Extract,  Goulard's.. 87 

Extract  of  Aconite,  fluid 151 


INDEX. 


215 


I'MiK. 

Extract  of  Aconite,  solid loO 

Extractor  American  Hellebore 

Koot,  fluid.  154 

Extract  of    Belladonna  Leaf, 

alcoholic 105 

Extract   of   Belladonna  Boot, 

fluid 105 

J  XLiact  of  Couvallaria,  fluid.-  •  ]0-i 

Extract  of  Dig:italis,  fluid. iti) 

Extract  of  Digitalis,  solid. .  —  99 

Extmct  of  Ergot,  fluid 97 

Exr  ract  of  Ergot,  solid y? 

Extract-  of  Gelsemium,  fluid ...  I4i 

Extract  of  Gentian,  fluid 48 

Extract  of  Henbane,  fluid iiu 

Extract  of  Henbane,  solid. ILO 

Extract  of  Indian  Hemp,  fluid.  115 

Extract  of  Indian  Hemp,  solid,  lis 

Extract  of  Ipecac,  fluid 173 

Extract  of  Jaborandi 146 

Extract  of  Male  Fern. ]  85 

Extract  of  Nux  Vomica,  fluid-  -  94 

Extract  of  Mux  Vomica,  solid. .  93 

Extract  of  Opium,  Aqueous.. . .  135 

Extract  of  Pilocarpus,  fluid —  146 

Extract  of  Witch-Hazel 82 

Extract,  Pond's. 82 

Exti-acta. 4 

Extracta  Fluida 4 

Extracts 4 

Extracts,  fluid 4 

Extractum  Aconiti. ..  150 

Extractum  Aconiti  Fluid um  . .  151 
Extractum  Belladonnae  Folio- 
rum  Alcoholicura. 105 

Extractum  Belladonnae  Eadi- 

cis  Fluidurn. 105 

Extractum  Buchu  Fluidum . . .  1S7 

Extractum  Cannabis  Indicae  ■  •  115 
Extractum   Cannabis  Indicae 

Fluidum. 115 

Extractum  Capsici  Fluidum..  -  187 
Extractum    Colchici    Seminis 

Fluidum. 80 

Extractum  Convallariae  Flui- 
dum..    103 

Extractum  Digitalis 99 

Extractum  Digitalis  Fluidum.  99 

Extractum  Ergotae. 97 

Extractum  Ergotae  Fluidum  •  -  97 
Extractum  Gelsemii  Fluidum.  144 
Extractum     Gentianae    Flui- 
dum.    4S 

Extractum  Hyoscyami. no 

Extractum    Hyoscyami    Flui- 
dum   no 

Extractum  Ipecacuanhae  Flui- 
dum    173 

Extractum    Jaborandi    Flui- 
dum.   146 

Extractum  Nucis  Vomicae ■•.•  93 


PAGK. 

Extractum    Nucis    Vomicae 

Fluidum. 94 

Evfractum  Opii. 1.35 

Extractum  Paucreaticus. 33 

Extractum  Pilocarpi  Fluidum.    146 
Extratum  Veratri  Viridis  Flui- 
dum..     154 

Eye-wash 8 

Faba  Calabarica U7, 148 

Fariua  Lini 201 

Fats 38 

Ferments,  Digestive 32 

Fern,  Male. 185 

Ferri  Carbonas  Saccharatus ...      42 

Ferri  et  QuininaeCitras 51 

Ferri  lodidum 42 

Ferri  Perchloridum 43 

Ferri  Sulphas. 42 

Ferri  Sulphas  Exsiccatus 43 

Ferro-chininum  Citric  um .  —      51 

Ferrum.  41,194 

Ferrum  Reductum 4i 

Filix  Mas 185 

Fir,  Balsam  of 188 

Flaxseed 201 

Flaxseed  Meal 201 

Flaxseed  Oil 178 

Fleming's   Tincture    of    Aco- 
nite      151 

Flexible  Collodion 124 

Flores  Arnicae 1.57 

Flowers,  Arnica 167 

Fluid  Extract  of  Aconite 151 

Fluid   Extract    of    American 

Hellebore  Root 154 

Fluid  Extract  of  Belladonna 

Root , 105 

Fluid  Extract  of  Buchu 187 

Fluid  Extract  of  Capsicum 187 

Fluid    Extract    of    Colchicum 

Seed 80 

Fluid  Extract  of  Convallaria. . .    103 

Fluid  Extract  of  Digitalis 99 

Fluid  Extract  of  Ergot 97 

Fluid  Extract  of  Gelsemium...    144 

Fluid  Extract  of  Gentian 48 

Fluid  Extract  of  Henbane lio 

Fluid  Extract  of  Indian  Hemp.    115 

Fluid  Extract  of  Ipecac 173 

Fluid  Extract  of  Nux  Vomica.     94 
Fluid  Extract  of  Pilocarpus. . .    146 

Fluid  Extracts 4 

Fly,  Spanish 194.  197 

Folia  Buchu. 186 

Folia  Digitalis  Pulvis 99 

Fomentation 8 

Foods 22 

Formaldehyde 203 

Formalin 203 

Formic  Aldehyde 203 

Formol 203 


216 


INDEX. 


I'AGK. 

Formy  1.  lodido  of 72 

Fotus 8 

Fowler's  Solution 46 

Foxglove 98, 186 

Fused  Nitrate  of  Silver 84 

Fusel  Oil 118 

Galactagogues 27 

Gaiactophyga 27 

Galia 81 

Gallic  Acid 81 

Gallotannic  Acid 81 

Gamboge  182 

Gambogia 182 

Gargarysma 8 

Gargle 8 

Gastric  Sedatives,  Lo<'h1 ]  9 

Gastric  Tonics 18 

Gastro-intestinal  Koute 9 

Gelsemina U4 

Gelsemine lii 

Gelsemium, Fluid  Extract  of..  144 

Gelsemium 144 

Gelsemium,  Tincture  of 144 

General  Anaesthetics 13 

General  Anodynes 13 

General  Emetics 19 

General  Gastric  Sedatives 20 

General  Sedatives il 

Gentian 47 

Gentian,  Compound  Tincture 

of 48 

Gentian,  Fluid  Extract  of 48 

Gentiana 47 

German  Mustard 196 

Gin 120 

Glauber's  Salt 57,  181 

Glouoin 159 

Glonoinum 159 

Giuc(^sidea 5 

Glucosides 5 

Glycerin 201 

Glycerin  of  Alum 202 

Glycerin  of  Carbolic  Acid...  163,  202 

Glycerin  of  Lead 202 

Glycerin  of  Starch 202 

Glycerin  of  Tannic  Acid 81,  202 

Glycerines 5 

Glycerinum 201 

Glycei'inum  Acidi  Carbolici.163,  202 

Glycerinum  AcidiTaunici 81,  202 

Glycerinum  Aluminis 202 

Glycerinum  Amyli 202 

Glycerinum  Plumbi 202 

Glycerinum  Tanninilodo-Car- 

bolizati 73 

Glycerita 5 

Glycerite  of  lodo-Carbolate  of 

Tannin 73 

Glycerites 5 

Glyconjl 201 

Glyceryl,  Trinitrate  of 159 


PAGK. 

Gossypium  Haemostaticum...  43 

Goulard's  Extract 87 

Grain  Spirit  118 

Gray  Powder 77,  183 

Green  Vitriol 42 

Gum  Gutti 182 

Haematics 22 

Hamamelis 82 

Hamamelis  Virginica 82 

Hartshorn  Liniment 40,  62 

Hartshorn  Spirit 61 

Haustus 9 

Hellebore 154 

Hellebore,  American 154 

Hellebore,  European 154 

Hellebore,  Mexican 154 

Hemlock  Pitch 190 

Hemp,  Indian 115 

Hemostatics 28 

Henbane 109 

Henbane,  Fluid  Extract  of lio 

Henbane,  Solid  Extract  of no 

Henbane.  Tincture  of no 

Hepatic  Depressants 22 

Hepatic  Stimulants 21 

Hoffmann's  Anodyne 124 

Homatropine 104 

Honey 200 

Honey,  Clarified 200 

Horned  Rye 96 

Hydragogue  Diuretics 186 

Hydragogue  Purgatives 20 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum  Corro- 

sivum 75 

Hydrargyri  Chloridum  Mite.  .77,  183 

Hydrargyri  lodidum  Rubrum.  78 
Hydrargyri        Subsulphas 

Flavus 171 

Hydrargyrum 75 

Hydrargyrum  cum  Creta.-...77, 183 

Hydrate  of  Chloral 131 

Hydrate  of  Prophenyl 201 

Hydrated  Oxide  of  Iron 47 

Hydrated  Protoxide  of  Potash.  52 

Hydrobromate  of  Hyoscine 110 

Hydrobromic  Acid,  diluted 141 

Hydrochlorate  of  Cocaine 116 

Hydroch  lorate  of  Morphine ...  136 

Hydrochlorate  of  Pilocarpine.  146 

Hydroehlorate  of  Quinine 50 

Hydrochloric  Acid,  Diluted 34 

Hydrogen  Dioxide 203 

Hyoscinao  Hydrobromas 110 

Hyoscine.  Hydrobromate  of. . .  ilO 

Hyoscyaminae  Sulphas llO 

Hyoscyamine,  Sulphate  of ilO 

Hyoscyamus 109 

Hypnotics 12 

Hypodermic  Method 10 

Hyposulphite  of  Sodium 66 

Incopapatibility 207 


INDEX. 


217 


PAGK. 

Incompatibility,    Pharmaceu- 
tical    208 

Incompatibility.Therapeutical  208 

Indian  Hemp 115 

Indian  Hemp,  fluid  extract  of-  115 

Indian  Hemp,  solid  extract  of.  115 

Indirect  Antacids 19 

Indirect  Emmenagogues 26 

Infusi 5 

Infusion  of  Cinchona 50 

Infusion  of  Digitalis 99 

Infusions 5 

Inf usum  Cinchonae 50 

Infusum  Digitalis 99 

Inhalationes 9 

Inhalations 9 

Injectiones 9 

Injections 9 

Injections  Intra-arterial 9 

Infections,  Intra-venous 9 

Injections,  Parenchymatous.,  lo 

Inoculation lo 

Intra-arterial  In j  ections 9 

Intra- venous  In  j  ections ....  9 

Iodide  of  Ammonium 7i 

Iodide  of  Formyl 72 

Iodide  of  Iron 42 

Iodide  of  Iron,  Syrup  of 42 

Iodide  of  Potassium 53,  71 

Iodide  of  Potassium.  Ointment 

of 72 

Iodide  of  Sodium 7i 

Iodine • 70 

Iodine,  Carbolized 72 

Iodine,  Ointment  of 71 

Iodine,  Tincture  of 71 

Iodized  Phenol 72 

Iodoform 72 

lodof  ormum 72 

Iodoform  Ointment 72 

lodol. 72 

lodolum 72 

lodo-phenyl 72 

lodo-tannin.. 72 

lodum 70 

Ipecac 172 

Ipecac    and    Opium,    powder 

of 136,  173 

Ipecac,  fluid  extract  of ...  173 

Ipecac,  powdered 173 

IpecacSyrup  of 173 

Ipecacuanha 172 

Iron 41,  194 

Iron  and  Quinine,  Citrate  of-  •  51 

Iron,  Dried  Sulphate  of 43 

Iron,  Hydrated  Oxide  of 47 

Iron,  Iodide  of 42 

Iron,  Mass  of  Carbonate  of —  45 

Iron,  Perchloride  of 43 

Iron  reduced  by  Hvdrogen —  4i 
Iron,  Solution  of  Perchloride 

of 43 


PAGE. 

Iron,  Saccharated  Carbonate 

of. 42 

Iron,  Sulphate  of 42 

Iron,  Syrup  of  Iodide  of. 42 

Iron,  Tincture  of  Chloride  of- .  43 

Irritants 27 

Jaborandi i45 

Jalap. 181 

Jalapa..  — i8l 

Jamaica  Rum 120 

Jervine 154 

Juniper 187 

Juniper,  Oil  of 187 

Juniperus 187 

Kino 83 

Kombe 102 

Kutch. 83 

Lac  Sulphur 66 

Lactopeptin 33 

Lamellae  Physostigminae 148 

Lanolin 39,  201 

Lanolinum. 39, 201 

Lapis  Inf ernalis 84 

Lard 38, 201 

Lard  Oil 39 

Laudanum 135 

Laxatives 20, 174 

Lead 87 

Lead,  Acetate  of 87 

Lead  and  Opium, Solution  of..  88 

Lead  and  Opium  wash 88 

Lead,  Diluted  Solution  cf  Sub- 
acetate  of 87 

Lead,  Glycerin  of 202 

Lead,  Solution  of  Subacetate 

of 87 

Lead,  sugar  of 87 

Lead  Water 87 

Leaf,    Belladonna,     alcoholic 

extract  of 105 

Leaf,  Belladonna,  powdered..  105 

Leaf,  Belladonna,  Tincture  of  105 

Leaf,  digitalis,  powdered 99 

Leaves,  Buchu 186 

Levant  Wormseed 184 

Lily  of  the  Valley.... 103 

Lime,  Chloride  of 60 

Lime,  Chlorinated 60 

Lime,  Solution  of 59 

Lime,  sulphurated 66 

Lime  Water •... 59 

Liniment  of  Ammonia.. 40,62 

Liniment  of  Belladonna 105 

Liniment  of  Camphor 112 

Liniment  of  Camphor,  com- 
pound   112 

Liniment  of  Cantharides 199 

Liniment  of  Chloroform 128 

Liniment  of  Chloroform,  com- 
pound   128 

Liniment,  Soap 112 

Linimenta 6 


218 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Liniments 5 

Linimentum  Ammoniae 62 

Linimentum  Belladounae 105 

Linimentum  Camphorae 112 

Linimentum  Campliorae  Com- 
position   112 

Linimentum   CantharidiP 199 

Linimentum  Chloroformi. 128 

Linimentum    Chloroformi 

Composition = 128 

Linimentum  Saponis 112 

Linseed 201 

Linseed  Cake 201 

Linseed  Meal 201 

Linseed  Oil 39. 178,  201 

Liquid  Tar 191 

Liquor  acidi  carbolici —  1 63 

Liquor  Ammoniae • 61 

Liquor  Ammoniae  fortior.. —  61 

Liquor  AmmoniiAcetatis.. ...  62 

Liquor  Calcis 59 

Liquores. 5 

Liquor  Ferri  Perchloridi 43 

Liquor  lodi  Compositus 71 

Liquor  Morphinae  Sulphatis, 

Magendi 136 

Liquor  Morphinae  Sulphatis, 

U.S.P 136 

Liquor  Pepsini. 33 

Liquor  PlumbietOpii 88 

Liquor  Plumbi  Subacetatis  —  87 
Liquor     Plumbi     Subacetatis 

dilutu.=! ........  87 

Liquor  Potassae 52 

Liquor  Potassii  Arsenitis 46 

Lithii  Bromidum 141 

Lithii  Salicylas 166 

Lithium,  Bromide  of I4i 

Lithium,  Salicylate  of.  — 166 

Lithontriptics. 25 

Local  Anaesthetics 1.3,14 

Local  Anodynes —  13 

Local  Astringents —  28 

Local  Emetics 19 

Local  Gastric  Sedatives 19 

Local  Sedatives 11 

Lotio 9 

Lotion 9 

Lugols'  Solution —  71 

Luuar  Caustic 84 

Magendie's  Solution  of  Mor- 
phine  —  136 

Magnesia  and  Rhubarb 179 

Magnesii  Carbonas 174, 179 

Magnesii  Sulphas 179 

Magnesium,  Carbonate  of. .  -174, 179 

Magnesium,  Sulphate  of 1^9 

Maintenances  of  Equilibi'ium.  14 

Male  Fern 185 

Male  Fern,  Extract  of 185 

Male  Fern,  Oleoresin  of. 1h5 


PAGE. 

Mass  Blue 183 

Mass  of  Carbonate  of  Iron 45 

Mass,  Vallets.  — 45 

Massa  Ferri  Carbonatis 45 

Massa  Hydrargyri  — 183 

Materia  Medica 1 

May-apple 183 

Meadow  Saffron 79 

Medication       by     respiratory 

tract 9 

Medication  per  rectum 9 

Medicines,  Abministration  of.  9 

Medicines.  Classification  of. . .  10 

Mel 200 

Mel  Despumatum 200 

Mentliol 169 

Mercurial  Ointment. —  76 

Mercuric  Chloride 75 

Mercuric  Iodide 78 

Mercuric,  subsulphate,  yellow  171 

Mercurous  Chloride 77, 183 

Mercury 75 

Mercury,  bich  loride  of 75 

Mercury,  Biniodide  of 78 

Mercury,  Corrosive  Chloride  of  75 

Mercury,  mild  chloride  of 77,  i83 

Mercury,  Oleate  of 77 

Mercury,  Red  Iodide  of  78 

Mercury,  Subchloride  of 77,  i»3 

Mercury  with  Chalk 77,183 

Method,  Endermic 10 

Method,  Enepidermic 10 

Method,  Epidermic 10 

Method,  Hypodermic 10 

Methyl  hydrate 118 

Methyl  terchloride 127 

Methylic  Alcohol 118 

Mexican  Hellebore 154 

Mild  Chloride  of  Mercury — 77, 183 

Milk  of  Sulphur 66 

Mindererus  spirit 62 

Mineral  Acids - 34 

Mineral,  Turpeth 171 

Misturae 5 

Mixture,  A.  C.  E 129 

Mixture,  E,  C.  A 129 

Mixture,  >i  ussbaums 129 

Mixtures — 5 

Mixtures,  anaesthetic 129 

Monkshood 1.50 

Monobromated  Camphor 112. 141 

Morphina 134 

Morphinae  Acetas 136 

Morphinae  hydrochloras. 136 

Morphinae  Murias 136 

Morphinae  sulphas 136 

Morphine 134 

Morphine,  acetate  of. 136 

Morphine,  hydrochl orate  of...  136 
Morphine,Magendies'  solution 

of 138 


INDEX. 


219 


135 
135 


Morphine,  Muriate  of ..........    136 

Morphine,  preparations  of. . ...    i^o 

Morphine,  solution  of.  U.  b.  P.    l;5b 

Morphine,  sulphate  of •    \f 

Motor  Depressants. . .  •  •  • H.  i^* 

Motor  Excitants  .....  •: •  •  •  -U.  ^^ 

Movement,  Coordination  or....      i* 

Mucilages ^ 

Mucilagines .......•••• » 

Muriate  of  Ammonia. .  •  •  • o^ 

Muriate  of  Cocaine ]}^ 

Muriate  of  Morphine i^b 

Muriate  of  Pilocarpine ■  •  •  •    i*^ 

Muriate  of  Quinine. 50 

Muriatic  Acid ••••••    .g 

Mustard..:^.... 1^2,195 

Mustard,  Black. ........... .1  -  2.  I9b 

Mustard.  Composition  of......    I9b 

Mustard.  English 172.196 

Mustard,  German.... . . ••••  •  -li^'  I9b 

Mustard  Seed,  powdered. . .  .172, 197 

Mustard,  yellow.......  = ^'-'^?5 

Mydriatics.... :|* 

Myotics ^^ 

Narceina tT: 

Narceine \^^ 

Narcotics 

Narcotina •  • 

Narcotine..; „ 

Nasal  Doucne ° 

Nasal  Wash................ « 

Nauseating  Diaphoretics 2o 

Nauseating  Expectorants-....     16 

New  Remedies. f"^ 

Nightshade,  deadly. lo* 

Nitrate  of  Pilocarpine. .........    146 

Nitrate  of  Potassium 53 

Nitrate  of  Silver. ..  .......••..••      «* 

Nitrate  of  Silver.  Fused 84 

Nitrei  sweet'spirits  of 125, 186 

Nitric  Acid. f. 

Nitric  Acid.  Diluted 34 

Nitriteof  Amyl 15« 

Nitrite  of  Ethyl... 159 

Nitrite  of  Potassium •  •  •  •  159 

Nitrite  of  Sodium. i^^ 

Nitrites...., ••-  ••••  J^s 

Nitroglycerin.. i^^ 

Nitro-hydrochloric  Acid .-■■■■•  35 
Nitro-hydrochloric  Acid.  Dilu- 

ted .-..-.••, 4t 

Nitrous  Ether,  spirit  of  .•■•..-  •  125 

Nussbaum's  Mixture 129 

Nut.  Areca ......••■•..  184 

Nut.  Areca,  powdered.... 18* 

Nutgall^..^.....--- -y  II 

Nux  Vomica.*  Fluid  Extract  of  94 
Nux  Vomica,  Powdered....-  ••  9^ 
Nux,  Vomica,  solid  extract  of .     93 


Nux  Vomica.  Tincture  of 94 

Ocular  Sensibility '^l 

Official  Preparations ^ 

Oil.  Black J89 

Oil,  Camphorated ii^ 

Oil,  Carbolized •  •  •  •  •  •  163 

Oil,  Castor.... 39.1-4,170 

Oil.  Cod-liver.... 38 

Oil.  Cotton-seed •  •  •  •  •  •  39 


Oil,  Croton. 


.39,181,200 


Oil.  Flaxseed }]^ 

Oil.Fusel, Y^ 

Oil  of  Juniper. .•••....    i»' 

81i:£fnfeed;;;.:;v.v.:-.v.-.s-iV8,.oi 

Oil  of  Peppermint.... 1°^ 

Oil  of  Tar ••  ]ll 

Oil  of  Turpentine. ... . •  •.-•  v^SS.  189 

Oil  of  Turpentine,  Rectified. . .  189 

Oilof  Vitriol. ...-• 3o 

Oil  of  Wormseed. .  ..........••••  185 

Oil,  Olive  •• %l 

Oils .....•.;: ••••  ,Z 

Ointment,  Basilicon 190 

Ointment,  Blue......... l^ 

Ointment,  Mercurial...- .....••  ^^ 
Ointment  of  Ammoniated  Mer- 

cury 

Ointment  of  Belladonna.. ......  105 

Ointment  of  Carbohc  Acid. .. . .  163 

Ointment  of  Iodide  of  Potas- 

slum •  V  •  :.• ■  ■  ■  ■      71 

Ointment  of  Iodine. .  •  •  • 71 

Ointment  of  Iodoform...  • '2 

Ointment  of  Tannic  Acid ..... .     8i 

Ointment  of^  Tar.  .,....••.....    191 

Ointment  of  V eratrine. ........    155 

Ointment  of  white  precipitate .     77 

Ointment,  Simple. J 

Ointments. —  •  • * 

Oleata ; ,  .^ 

Oleate  of  Aconitine I5i 

Oleate  of  Mercury 77 

Oleate  of  Veratrine.--  153 

Oleates., •. — ,  _V 

Oleatum  Aconitmae. I5i 

Oleatum  Hydrargyri. 7/ 

Oleatum  Veratrinae 155 

Oleoresin  of  Capsicum. 187 

Oleoresin  of  Male  Fern 185 

Oleoresina  Aspidu 185 

Oleoresina  Capsici i»^ 

Oleoresinae. ° 

Oleoresins •••• ^ 

Oleum  Adipis....- 3y 

Oleum  Camphoratum ii^ 

Oleum  Carbohzatum 163 

Oleum  Chenopodii. ■•    185 

Oleum  Crotonis ..--181.200 

Oleum  Gossypiiseminis. 39 

Oleum  Juniperi i»' 


220 


INDEX. 


I'AGE. 

Oleum  Lini 39,  iT.s,  2ni 

Oleum  Meuthae  piperitae .  —  iby 

Oleum  Morrhuae. 38 

Oleum  Nigrum 189 

Oleum  Olivae.  39 

Oleum  picis  liquidae. 191 

Oleum  Hiclni 39, 174, 178 

Oleum  Terebiutliiuae.. 186, 189 

Oleum  Terebinthlnae  Bectifi- 

eatum 189 

Oleum  Theobromae 39 

Oleum  Tiglii 39,181,200 

OliveOil 39 

Opii  pulvis — 135 

Opium 134 

Opium  and  Ipecac,  Powder  of.  136 

Opium,  aqueous  extract  of  ■  ■  135 
Opium,  camphorated  tincture 

of 135 

Opium,  powdered 135 

Opium,  Tincture  of 135 

Opodeldoc 112 

Oxide  of  Calcium 59 

Oxide  of  Zinc 89 

Oxymel 200 

Oxymethylene. .  ..•••• 203 

Oxytocics 26 

Pale  Bark 48 

Panereatin 33 

Papain 32 

Papaverina 135 

Papaverine •  • 135 

Papaw 32 

Papayotin 32 

Parasiticides 29 

Paregoric 135 

Parenchymatous  Injections ...  10 

Pastes 8 

Pencils 7 

Pepper,  Cayenne 187 

Peppermint  Camphor 169 

Peppermint,  Essence  of 170 

Peppermint,  Oil  of 169 

Peppermint,  spirit  of  •  • 170 

Peppermint  "Water 170 

Pepsin,  pure —  32 

Pepsin,  Saceharated 32 

Pepsin,  Solution  of 33 

Pepsinum  Purum 32 

Pepsinum  Saccharatum 32 

Perchloric!  e  of  Iron —  43 

Perchlorido  of  Iron.  Solution  of  43 

Permanganate  of  Potassium. .  53 

Peruvian  Bark  — 48 

Petrolatum 200 

Petroleum  Jelly. 200 

Pharmaceutical  Incompatibil- 
ity   208 

Pharmacodynamics l.  2 

Pharmacology l 

Pharmacopoeia 2 


PAGE. 

Pharmacy 1 

Piieuazone 160 

Phenol. 162 

Phenol,  Iodized 72 

Phenyl  Acetamide 161 

Phenyl.  Salicylate  of • . .  -163, 166 

Phosphate  of  Codeine 137 

Phosphoric  Acid 3G 

Phosphoric  Acid,  Diluted 35 

Physostigma 147 

Physostigminae  salicylas...i48, 182 

Physostigminae  sulphas 148,  182 

Physostigmine,  disks  of .  •  •  —  148 
Physostigmine,  salicylate  o'  s.i82 
Physostigmine,  sulphate  of  1    ,  182 

Pills..   6 

Pilocarpinae  hydrochloras. .. .  146 

Pilocarpinae  Murias 146 

Pilocarpinae  Nitras 146 

Pilocarpine,  hydrochlorate  of  •  146 

Pilocarpine,  Nitrate  of 146 

Pilocarpine,  Muriate  of 146 

Pilocarpus 145 

Pilocarpus,  Fluid  Extract  of. .  146 

Pilulae 6 

Piperazidine —  20t 

Piperazine.. 204 

Piperazinum 204 

Pitch 188,  190 

Pitch,  Burgundy 190 

Pitch,   Canada 190 

Pitch,  Hemlock 190 

Pix 190 

Pix  Burgundica 190 

Pix  Canadensis 190 

Pix  Liquida 191 

Plasters 4 

Plumbi  Acetas 87 

Plumbum 87 

Podophyllum 183 

Podophyllum,  Resin  of 183 

Poke  Root 154 

Poke  Root,  Powdered 155 

Pond's  Extract 82 

Port  Wine. 120 

Porter 121 

Potash,  Caustic 52 

Potash,  hydrated  protoxide  of  52 

Potassa 52 

Potassa,  Solution  of 52 

Potassii  Acetas 52 

Potassii  Bicarbonas 63 

Potassii  Bitartras 180 

Potassii  Bromidum 53, 140 

Potassii  Carbonas 53 

Potassii  Chloras 63 

Potassii  lodidum 53,  71 

Potassii  Nitras 53 

Potassii  Nitris 159 

Potassii  Permanganas 53 

Potassium 52 


INDEX. 


221 


PAGE. 

Potassium,  Acetate  of ^^ 

Potassium  Alum..-.. •.••••••••      l\ 

Potassium.  Bicarbonate  of . . . .     53 

Potassium,  bitartrateof •    180 

Potassium,  Bromide  of 53. 140 

Potassium.  Carbonate  of w 

Potassium.  Chlorate  ^f 53 

Potassium.  Iodide  of  53.  7i 

Potassium,  Nitrate  of 53 

Potassium.  Nitrite  of....-...--  i"^ 
Potassium.  Permanganate  of.  53 
Potassium,  Solution  of  Arsen-     ^^ 

ite   of.....-.: 118 

Potato  spirit ^''l 

Poultices - Y  •„  170 

Powder,  Dover's 136. 173 

?S^Sre?l#eTa%oSS^Leaf::::       5 

Powdered  Calabar  Bean ]f 

Powdered  Camphor \^i: 

Powdered  Capsicum^.... i«' 

Powdered  Cinchpna  Bark. . ...  f 
pSwdered  Co  ch  cum  Root....  80 
Powdered  Colchicum  Seed....     80 

Powdered  digitalis  leaf «« 

Powdered  Ergot......... «' 

Powdered  Gentian  Boot 48 

Powdered  Ipecac ]'^ 

Powdered  Mustard  Seed la? 

Powdered  NuxYomica 94 

Powdered  Opium ]f 

Powdered  Poke  Boot 155 

Powders ..... ...  •  •  •, kq 

Precipitated  Chalk. . . . . .  ■ .  •  •  •  •  •     '^^ 

Precipitated  phosphate  of  Cal-     ^^ 

PreS^it^ted  SulphuV .V^'. . . .  .66. 174 
Preparations  of  Cinchona 


Preparations,  Official 

Preparations  of  Morphine 136 

Preparations.  Unofficial ^ 

Prescription  Writing 205 

Proof  spirit....... ^^'j' 

Propheny  1  hydrate -^"i 

Protectives .f. 

Pseudo-iervine  . .... . •  • i^* 

Pulmonary  Sedatives i^ 

Palveres ••••-.•••. ^r^, 

Pulvis  Arecae  Seminis.....^.    184 
Pulvis  Belladonnae  fohorum.    105 

Pulvis  Corticis  Cmchonae 49 

Pulvis  Gentianae *° 

Pulvis  Ipecacuanhae . . . ..... .  •  •    173 

Pulvis  Ipecacuanhae  etOpii,  136. 173 
Pulvis  Magnesii  cum  Bheo ....    1-9 

Pulvis  Nucis  Vomicae 94 

Pnlvis  Opii... .•  • i^° 

Pulvis  KheiCompqsitus. 1'9 

Pulvis  Sinapis  semmis i^ 


204 
93 


50 


PAGE. 

Pure  Acetic .  Acid..  • 64 

Pure  Carbolic  Acid lo;^ 

Pure  Pepsin •    ^^ 

Purgatives  ...•.-; 20. 1% 

Purgatives,   Chologogue 21, 183 

Purgatives.  Drastic. 20,  I8i 

Purgatives,  Hydragogue-- •  •       20 

Purgatives.  Saline. ■  •  -JO,  179 

Purgatives,  Simple 20, 176 

Purging  Buckthorn 178 

Purified  Chloroform. •    128 

Pastulants .••• 28.196 

Pyrazine  Hexahydride .  •  •  • 

Quaker  Button.  

Qaercus  albae  cortex 

Quercus  lusitamca .  

Quicklime 

Quicksilver.  

Quinidina 

Quinidine  •  • :•  ::'"A' iXl' ' 

Quininae    Bimuriatis  Garba- 

uininae  Bisulphas 50, 194 

uininae  Hydrochloras 50. 194 

uininae  Murias 5"- 1^* 

uininae  Sulphas 50.194 

i-j-jt-i|qq         ,••••  .••••  -^y*  ly* 

uinine  and  'iron.  Citrate  of. .     51 
uinine    and    Urea,    double 

hydrochlorate  of. •      ^^ 

Quinine   Bisulphate. ... ..... .50, 194 

Quinine.  Hydrochlorate  of . .  .50. 194 

Quinine.  Muriate  of 50. 194 

Quinine,  Sulphate  of 50. 194 

Radix  Colchici... '^ 

Rectal   Medication » 

Rectified  Oil  of  Turpentine...    189 

Rectified  spirit ^fi 

Red  Bark......... *° 

Red  Iodide  of  Mercury 78 

Red  Wine /••••;.• ok 

Refrigerant  Diaphoretics f 

Refrigerant  Diuretics 18b 

Refrigerants  .,  ^» 

Remote  Antacids ^ 

Renal  Depressants ^* 

Resin....... gj 

Resin  Cerate i^" 

Resina vvw i«3 

Resin  of  podophyllum i»^ 

Resina  PodophyUi 18^ 

Resinae „ 

Resins „x 

Resolvents • fS 

Respiratory  Depressants i& 

Respiratory  Stimulants i& 

Restorative  Agents ^^ 

Restoratives  ..•••.•. 17a 

Rhamnus  Catharticus- 178 

Rhamnu  s  f rangula i;» 

Rhamnus  Purshiana, . . 


178 


222 


INDEX. 


PAGE. 

Ehenm I'^s 

Rhubarb l'^5 

Rhubarb  aud  Magnesia 179 

Rhubarb,    compound   powder 

of 179 

Root,     American     Hellebore. 

fluid  extract  of I5i 

Root.      American     Hellebore, 

Tincture   of 151 

Root,  Belladonna,  fluid  extract 

of 105 

Root.  Colchicum,  Powdered..  80 

Root,  Gentian,  Powdered 48 

Root,  Poke 154 

Route,   Gastro-intestinal 9 

Rubefacients '27, 196 

Rubijervine 154 

Rum,  Jamaica 120 

Rum,  St.  Croix 120 

Rye,  Horned % 

Rye,   Spurred 96 

Saccharated  Carbonate  of  Iron  42 

Saccharated  Pepsin 32 

Sacred  Bark 178 

Sal  Ammoniac 62 

Salicylate  of  Eserine 148, 182 

Salicylate  of  Lithium 166 

Salicylate  of  phenyl 163.166 

Salicylate  of  Physosi  igmine,  148, 182 

Salicylate  of  Sodium 166 

Salicylic  Acid 166 

Saliue  Purgatives 20, 179 

Salol 163,166 

Salt,  Common 56 

Salt,  Epsom 179 

Salt.  Glauber's 57  181 

Saltpetre 53 

Santonica 184 

Santonin 184 

Santoninum 184 

Secale  Cornutum 96 

Sedatives 11 

Sedatives,  Cardiac i7 

Sedatives,  Gastric.  General...  20 

Sedatives,  General 11 

Sedatives,  Local '. 11 

Sedatives.  Local  Gastric 19 

Sedatives,   Pulmonary 15 

Sedatives,  Urinary 25 

Sedatives,  Vascular 17 

Sedatives,  Vesical 24 

Seed,  Colchicum.  Powdered..  80 

Seed,  Mustard,  Powdered 197 

Semen  Colchici 79 

Semen  Lini 201 

Semen  Lini  pulvis 201 

Sense  of  Smell 15 

Sensibility,  Ocular ...  15 

Sheep's  wool  fat 39 

Sherry 120 

Sialogogues 17 


PAGE. 

Silver 84 

Silver,  Nitrate  of 84 

Silver.  Nitrate  of,  Fused 84 

Simple  Diaphoretics 25 

Simple  Ointment 7 

Simple  purgatives 20, 175 

Siuapis 172, 195 

Sinapis  alba 172, 196 

Sinapis  Nigra 172, 196 

Soap  Liuiment 112 

Soap  spirit,  camphorated 112 

Socotriue  aloes 175 

Soda  Salaeratus 56 

Sodii  Biboras 57 

Sodii  Bicarbonas 56 

Sodii  Boras 57 

Sodii  Bromidum 141 

Sodii  Carbonas 56 

Sodii  Chloridum 56 

Sodii  hyposulphis 66 

Sodii  lodidum 71 

Sodii   Nitris 159 

Sodii  Salicylas 166 

Sodii  sulphas 57, 181 

Sodii  Sulphis 66 

Sodii  sulphocarbolas 163 

Sodium  ...  56 

Sodium,  Biborate  of 57 

Sodium,  Bicarbonate  of 56 

Sodium,  Borate  of 57 

Sodium,   Bromide  of 141 

Sodium,  Carbonate  of 56 

Sodium,  Chloride  of 56 

Sodium  hyposulphite 66 

Sodium,  Iodide  of 7i 

Sodium,  Nitrite  of 159 

Sodium,  salicylate  of 166 

Sodium,  sulphate  of 57,181 

Sodium  sulphite 66 

Sodium,  sulphocarbolate  of...  163 

Solid  Extract  of  Aconite 150 

Solid  Extract  of  Digitalis 99 

Solid  Extract  of  Ergot 97 

Solid  Extract  of  Henbane 110 

Solid  Extract  of  Indian  Hemp  115 

Solid  Extract  of  Nux  Vomica. .  93 

Solution,  Dr.  Carl  Seller's 58 

Solution,   Fowler's  46 

Solution,  Lugol's 71 

Solution  of  Acetate  of  Ammo- 
nia    62 

Solution  of  Arsenite  of  Potas- 
sium   46 

Solution  of  Carbolic  Acid 163 

Solution  of  Iodine,  Compound  71 

Solution  of  Iron  Perchloride-.  43 

Solution  of  Lead  and  Opium-  •  88 

Solution  of  Lime 59 

Solution    of     Morphine    Sul- 
phate, Magendie's 136 

Solution  of  Pepsin.  33 


INDEX. 


223 


PAGE. 

Solution  of  Potassa.  ......•••••      P2 

Solution  of  Subacetate  of  Lead  87 
Solution     of     Subacetate     ot 

Lead,  diluted V\v  "      ^^ 

Solution  of  Sulphate  of  Mor- 

phine,  U.S.P 136 

Solutions •,   ^,°' 

Spanish  Fly 19^.19^ 

Spirit  Grain •  •  • •  •  •  •    ^i^ 

Spirit  of  Ammonia,  Aromatic      62 

Spirit  of  Camphor Hi 

Spirit  of  Chloroform 129 

Spirit  of  Ether,  compound.  •••    123 

Spirit  of  Hartshorn 61 

Spirit  of  Nitre,  sweet 125 

Spirit  of  Nitrous  Ether 125 

Spirit  of  Peppermint.  •  •  • ITO 

Spiritof  Salt 35 

Spirit  of  Turpentine 185. 189 

Spirit,  Potato 118 

Spirit.proof 120 

Spirit,  rectified.. ■...•••••• 120 

Spirit,  soap,  camphorated 112 

Spirit,  wood 118 

Spirits 6 

Spiritus o 

Spiritus  absolutus •. ii« 

Spiritus  aetheris  compositus.  124 
Spiritus  Aetheris  nitrosi-  ..124,186 
Spiritus  Ammonii  Aromaticus     62 

Spiritus  Chloroformi. 129 

Spiritus  Camphorae HI 

Spiritus  Frumenti 119 

Spiritus  Glonoini 159 

Spiritus  Menthae  piperitae ....    170 

Spiritus  Mindereri 62 

Spiritus  Nitrico-Dulcis 124. 186 

Spiritus  saponis  camphoratus    112 

Spiritus  Vini  Gallici 119 

Spurred  Rye • 96 

Starch,  glycerin  of 202 

St.  Croix  Rum 120 

stimulant  Diuretics 186 

Stimulant  Expectorants 16 

Stimulants 10 

Stimulants,  Cardiac 16 

Stimulants,  Hepatic 21 

Stimulants,  Respiratory 15 

Stimulants,  Vascular.... 17 

Stomachics 18 

Stout 121 

Stronger  Ether 123 

Stronger  Solution  of  Ammonia  61 
Stronger  Water  of  Ammonia. .      61 

Stronger  "White  Wine 120 

Strophanthin 102 

Strophanthinum 102 

Strophanthus 102 

Strophanthus,  tincture  of 102 

Strychnina 195 

Strychninae  Sulphas 94, 195 


PAGE. 

Strychnine 195 

Strychnine  Poisoning 94 

Strychnine,  sulphate  of 94.195 

Styptic  Collodion 124 

Styptic  Cotton 43 

Styptic.  Warren's 38 

Styptics 28 

Subacetate  of  Lead,  solution  of     87 

Subcarbonate  of  Bismuth 45 

Subchloride  of  Mercury 77 

Subiodide  of  Bismuth 45 

Sublimed  Sulphur 66 

Subnitrate  of  Bismuth 45 

Sudoriflcs 25 

Sugar  of  Lead 87 

Sulphate  of  Atropine 105 

Sulphate  of  Cinchonidine 50 

Sulphate  of  Copper 86,171 

Sulphate  of  Eserine 148 

Sulphate  of  Hyoscyamine HO 

Sulphate  of  Iron 42 

Sulphate  of  Iron,  Dried 43 

Sulphate  of  Magnesia 179 

Sulphate  of  Morphine 136 

Sulphate  of  Physostignine —    148 

Sulphate  of  Quinine 50 

Sulphate  of  Sodium 57,181 

Sulphate  of  Strychnine 94 

Suiphate  of  Zinc 89, 171 

Sulphide  of  l3alcium 66 

Sulphides 66 

Sulphite  of  Sodium 66 

Sulphites 66 

Sulphocar bolate  of  Sodium  —    163 

Sulphur 66 

Sulphur  Lotum 66, 174 

Sulphur.  Milk  of 66 

Sulphur,   precipitated 66, 174 

Sulphur  Praecipitatum 66, 174 

Sulphur,  Sublimed 66 

Sulphur.  Washed 66, 174 

Sulphurated  Lime 66 

Sulphuric  Acid 35 

Sulphuric  Acid,  Aromatic 34 

Sulphuric  Acid,  Dilute 34 

Suppositoria 6 

Suppositories 6 

Sweating  Blister 199 

Sweet  Spirit  of  Nitre 125, 186 

Syrupi 6 

Syrup  of  Iodide  of  Iron 42 

Syrup  of  Ipecac 173 

Syrups 6 

Syrupus  Ferri  lodidi 42 

Syrupus  Ipecacuanhae 173 

Systemic  Astringents 28 

Systemic  Emetics 19 

Table  of  Doses 31 

Tannic  Acid 81 

Tannic  Acid,  Glycerin  of 81,  202 

Tannic  Acid,  Ointment  of 81 


224 


INDEX. 


aPAG. 

Tannin 81 

Tannin,  glycerin  of  iodo-car- 

bolateof ; 73 

Tar 188 

Tar,  liquid .:  191 

Tar,Oilof 191 

Tar,  Ointmeutof 191 

Tartar.  Cream  of 180 

Tartar  Emetic  1T2 

Tartrate  of  Antimony  and  Po- 
tassium    l'?2 

Tartarus  Stibiatus 172 

Terebene 190 

Terebenum 190 

Terebinthina 188 

Terebintliina  Canadensis 188 

Terebintliina  Veneta 189 

Tetra-iodo-pyrol 72 

Ttiebaiua 135 

Thebaiue 135 

Tlieina 117 

Tlieine 117 

Therapeutical  luL-ompatibility  208 

Therupeutics 2 

Therapeutics.  Applied 2 

Therapeutics,  Natural 2 

Tnymol 168 

Tinctura  aconiti.  Fleming 151 

Tiuctura  Aconiti,  U.  S  f 161 

Tinctura  Arnicae  florum 158 

Tinctura  Asaf oetidae 114 

Tinctura    Beliadonnae    folio- 
rum 105 

Tinctura   camphorae   compo- 

sita 112 

Tinctura  Capsici 187 

Tinctura  Catechu  Composita. .  8:^ 
Tinctura   Cinchonae    Compo- 
sita   50 

Tinctura  digitalis , 99 

Tinctura  Ferri  Chloridi 43 

Tinctura  Gelsemii 144 

Tinctura    Gentianae    Compo- 
sita   48 

Tinctura  Hyoscyami llO 

Tinctura  lodi 7i 

Tinctura  Nucis  Vomicae 94 

Tinctura  Opii 135 

Tinctura  Upii  Camphorata —  136 

Tinctura  Strophanthi 102 

Tinctura  Trinitrini 159 

Tinctura  Veratri  Viridis 154 

Tincturae 7 

Tincture  of  Aconite 15i 

Tincture  of  Aconite,  Fleming's  151 
Tincture  of  American  Helle- 
bore lioot 154 

Tincture  of  Arnica  flowers —  158 

Tincture  of  Asafoetida 114 

Tincture  of  Belladonna  leaf. . .  105 


PAGE. 

Tincture  of   Camphor,   Com- 
pound    112 

Tincture  of  Capsicum. 187 

Tincture   of    Catechu,    Com- 
pound    83 

Tincture  of  Chloride  of  Iron. .  43 
Tincture   of    Cinchona  Bark, 

Compound 50 

Tincture  of  Digitalis 99 

Tincture  of  Gelsemium 144 

Tincture   of    Gentian,    Com- 
pound    48 

Tincture  of  Henbane lio 

Tincture  of  Iodine 71 

Tincture  of  Nux  Vomica  94 

Tincture  of  Opium ...  135 

Tincture  of  Opium,  Camphor- 
ated   135 

Tincture  of  Strophanthus 102 

Tinctures 7 

Tonics 23 

Tonics,  Cardiac 17 

Tonics,  Gastric 18 

Tonics,  Uterine 27 

Tonics,  Vascular 17 

Tonics,  Vesical 24 

Topical  Agents 196 

Toxicology 1,2 

Trinitrate  of  Glyceryl 159 

Trinitrin 159 

T  urpentine 188,  197 

Turpentine,  Ctnada 188 

Turpentine,  Oil  of 185, 189,  li.7 

Turpentine,  Oil  of,  rectified. 189, 197 

Turpentine,  Spirit  of 185. 189. 197 

Turpentine.  Venice 189 

Turpeth  Mineral 171 

Unguenta 7 

Unguentum  Acidi  Carbolici...  163 

Unguentum  Acidi  Tannici —  81 

Unguentum  Basiliconis 190 

Unguentum  Beliadonnae 105 

Unguentum  Hydrargyri 76 

Unguentum    Hydrargyri  Am- 

moniati 77 

Unguentum  lodi 71 

Unguentum  lodoformi 72 

Unguentum  Picis  Liquidae...  191 

Unguentum  Potassii  lodidi ...  72 

Unguentum  Simplex 7 

Unguentum  Veratrinae 155 

Unofficial  Preparations 7 

Urea  and  Quinine,  double  hy- 

drochlorate  of 50 

Urinary   Acidiflers 24 

Urinary  Alkalizers 24 

Urinary   Sedatives 25 

Uterine  Alteratives 27 

Uterine   Depressants 26 

Uterine  Tonics 27 


INDEX. 


225 


Vallet's  Mass 

Vapores  

Vapors •. 

Vascular  Sedatives 

Vascular   Stimulants 

Vascular  Tonics 

Vaseline •. 

Venice  Turpentine 

Veratralbine 

Veratrina  

Veratrine  ■ 15*. 

Veratrine,  Ointment  of 

Veratrine,  Oleate  of 

Veratroidine 

Veratrum 

Veratrum  Album 

Veratrum   Sabadilla 

Veratrum  Virid e 

Veratrum   Viride   Pulvis 

Verdigris 

Verm  ieides 

Vermifuges • 

Vesical  Sedatives 

Vesical  Tonics 

Vesicants 27, 

Vina 

Vinegar  

Vinum  Album 

Vinum  album  fortius 

Vinum  Portense 

Vinum  Rubrum 

Vinum  Xericum • 

Vitriol,  Blue 

Vit  iol,  Green 

Vitriol,  White 

Warren's  Styptic 

Wash 

Wash,  lead  and  opium 

Wash,  Nasal 

Washed  Sulphur 66 

Washing  Soda 

Water,  Camphor. 

Water,  lead 


PAGE. 

46 

9 

9 

17 

17 

17 

200 

189 

154 

155 

155 

155 

155 

154 

154 

154 

154 

154 

156 


22 
22 
24 
24 
196 
7 

65 
120 
120 
I'^O 
120 
120 
86 
42 


174 

56 

111 

87 


PAGE. 

Water  of  Ammonia er 

Water,  Peppermint 170 

Waters ,,3 

Whiskey ^ 

White  Arsenic 45 

White  Mustard...- 172 

White-oak  Bark- •  •  •  - ;  •  • •  •  •      83 

Wliite  Precipitate  Ointment- •     77 

White  Vitriol. 89 

White  Wine 120 

White  Wine,  stronger 120 

Wine,  Port 120 

Wine.  Red 120 

Wine.  Sherry • i;^^ 

Wine.  White 120 

Wine,  White,  stronger 120 

Wines. •, J. 

Witch-Hazel •  •  •  • 82 

Witch-Hazel.  Extract  of 82 

Wolfsbane 150 

Wood  Spirit. ^ 118 

Wool  Fat.... , 201 

Wormseed.  American 185 

Wormseed.  Levant 18* 

Wormseed.  Oil  of I80 

Yellow  Bark » ,^8 

Yellow  Jasmine «...    1** 

Yellow  Mustard....   ...........    1^6 

Yellow  mercuric  subsulphate.    171 
Yellow  Mustard = 1^2 


Zinc. 


89 


Zinc,  Acetate  of.. 89 

Zinc.  Carbon  ate  of »» 

Zinc,   Chloride   of 89 

Zinc.  Oxide  of...-- •     »^ 

Zinc.    Sulphate  of 89,171 

Zinci  Acetas... ^y 

Zinci   Carbonas ^y 

Zinci  Chloridum - -      8y 

Zinci  Oxidum. •      "^ 

Zinci  Sulphas 89.171 

Zincum ^^ 


WILLIAM    R.    JENKINS' 
C^T^LOGUE 


1896 


Any  of  these  Books  Avill  be  sent,  Post  Paid,  on  receipt 
of  Price. 


(*)  Single  asterisk  designates  Neio  Books, 
(**)  Double  asterisk  designates  Recent  Publications. 


JNDEBSON,  "Vice  in  the  Horse"  and  other  papers 
on  Horses  and  Riding.  By  E.  L.  Anderson.  Demy, 
8vo,  clolh 2  00 

ANDERSON,    "  How  to  Ride  and  School  a  Horse. " 

With    a  System  of  Horse  Gymnastics.     By  Edward 
L.  Anderson.     Cr.  8vo 1  00 

{**)BA  CH,  "How  to  Judge  a  Horse."  A  concise  treatise 
as  to  its  Qualities  and  Soundness  ;  Including  Bits  and 
Bitting— Saddles  and  Saddling,  Stable  Drainage,  Driv- 
ing One  Horse,  a  Pair,  Four-in-hand,  or  Tandem,  etc. 
By  Captain  F.  W.  Bach.  12mo,  cloth,  fully  illustrated 
$1  00;  paper 50 

BANHAM,  "Tables  of  Veterinary  Posology  and 
Therapeutics,"  with  weights,  measures,  etc.  By 
George  A.  Banham,  F.R.C.  V.S.     12rao,  cloth 75 

BAUCHER,  ''Metliod  of  Horsemanship."  Including 
the  Breaking  and  Training  of  Horses 1  00 


2  Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 

BELL.    ''The  Veterinarians  Call  Book  (Perpetnal)." 

By  Eoscoe  R.  Bell,  D  V.S.,  Profsssor  of  Materia 
IMedica,  Therapeutics  and  Hygiene  in  the  American 
Veterinary  College,  New  York  ;  President  of  the  Long 
Island  Veterinary  Society ;  late  U.  S.  Goverment 
Veterinary  Inspector,  etc. 

A  visiting  list,  that  can  Vje  commenced  at  any  time 
and  used  until  full,  c(>ntaining  much  useful  informa- 
tion for  the  student  and  the  busy  practitioner. 
Among  contents  are  items  concerning :  Veterinary 
Drugs;  Poisons;  Solubility  of  Drugs;  Composition  of 
Milk, Bile,  Blood,  Gastric  Juice,  Urine,  Saliva;  Respi- 
ration; Dentition;  Temperature,  etc.,  etc.  Bound  in 
leather 1  25 

r  )  BJRA  DLEY,     "•  Outlines  of  Veterinary  Anatomy." 

Part  I.  :  The,  Anterior  and  Posterior  Limbs.  By  O. 
Charnock  Bradley,  Member  of  the  Royal  College  of 
Veteiinar}^  Surgeons ;  Professor  of  Anatomj-  in  the 
New  Veterinary  College,  Edinburgh.  (Read}- in  June.) 
12mo,  cloth,  189  pages 

CLE31ENT.  '''  Veterinary  Post  Mortem  Examina- 
tions." By  A.  W.  Clement,  V.S.  Records  of 
autopsies,  to  be  of  any  value,  should  accurately 
represent  the  appearances  of  the  tissues  and  organs 
so  that  a  diagnosis  might  be  made  by  the  reader  were 
not  the  examiners  conclusions  stated.  To  make  the 
pathological  conditions  clear  to  the  reader,  some 
definite  system  of  dissection  is  necessary.  The 
absence  in  the  English  language,  of  any  guide  in 
making  autopsies  upon  the  lower  animals,  induced 
Dr.  Clement  to  write  this  book,  trusting  that  it 
would  prove  of  practical  value  to  the  profession. 
12mo,  cloth,  illustrated  75 


851-853  Sixth  Avenue  (cor.  A8th  St.),  New  York.      3 

{**)CADIOT,  ••Roaring-  in  Horses."  Its  Pathology 
and  Treatment.  This  work  represents  the  latest 
development  in  operative  methods  for  the  alleviation 
of  roaring.  Each  step  is  most  clearly  defined  by 
excellent  full-page  illustrations.  By  P.  J.  Cadiot, 
Professor  at  the  Veterinary  School,  Alfort.  Trans. 
Thos.  J.  Watt  Dollar,  M.E.C.V.S.,  etc.     Cloth 75 

CHAXJVEAU.  "Tlie  Comparative  Anatomy  of  the 
Domesticated  Animals."  By  A.  Chauveau.  New 
edition,  translated,  enlarged  and  entirely  revised  by 
George  Fleming,  F.R.C.V.S.  Svo.  cloth  with  585 
Illustrations ^  '^^ 

CLARKE.  "Horses'  Teeth."  A  Treatise  on  their 
Anatomy,  Pathology,  Dentistry,  etc.  Revised  and 
enlarged.     By  W.  H.  Clarke.  12mo,  cloth 2  50 

CLARKE.  "Chart  of  the  Feet  and  Teeth  of 
Fossil  Horses." ^^ 

CLEAVELAND.     "Pronouncing  Medical  Lexicon." 

Pocket  edition.    Cloth 75 

COUBTNEY,  •'Manual  of  Yeterinary  Medicine  and 
Surgery."  By  Edward  Courtney,  V.  S.  Crown,  Svo, 
cloth 2  75 

(**)  COX.    "Horses:   In  Accident  and  Disease."    The 

sketches  introduced  embrace  various  attitudes  which 
have  been  observed,  such  as  in  choking ;  the  disorders 
and  accidents  occurring  to  the  stomach  and  intestines ; 
affection  of  the  brain  ;  and  some  special  forms  of  lame- 
ness, etc.  By  J.  Roalfe  Cox,  F.R.C.V.S.  Svo,  cloth, 
fully  illustrated  . . , 1  50 


4         Veterinary  Calalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 

CURTIS.    "Horses,  Cattle,  Sheep  and  Swine."    The 

origin,  history  improvement,  description,  characteris- 
tics, merits,  objections,  etc.  By  Geo.  W.  Curtis, 
M.S.A.  Superbly  illustrated.  Cloth,  $2  00;  half 
sheep,  $2.75  ;  half  morocco 3  50 

DALZIEL.  "  British  Dog's."  Describing  the  History 
Characteristics,  Points,  and  Club  Standards,  etc.,  etc. 
With  numerous  colored  plates  and  wood  engravings. 
By  Hugh  Dalziel.     Vol.  I.,  $4  00.     Vol.  II.,  8vo.4  00 

BALZIEL,  "The  Fox  Terrier."  Illustrated.  (Mono- 
graphs on  British  Dogs) 1  00 

DALZIEL,  "Fox  Terrier  Stud  Book."  Edited  by 
Hugh  Dalziel. 

Vol.  I.  Containing  Pedigrees  of  over  1,400  of  the  best- 
knov^n  Dogs,  traced  to  their  most  remote  known  an- 
cestors   -.1  00 

Vol.  II.     Pedigrees  of  1,544  Dogs,  Show  Kecord,  &c.l  00 

Vol.  III.     Pedigrees  of  1,214  Dog9,Show  Kecord,&c.l  00 

Vol.  IV.     Pedigrees  of  1,168  Dogs.Show  Record,&c.l  00 

Vol.  V.     Pedigrees  of  1,662  Dogs,  Show  Eecord,  &c.l  00 

DALZIEL.    »«  The  St.  Bernard."    Illustrated. ..  .1  00 

DALZIEL.  "St.  Bernard  Stud  Booli."  Edited  by 
Hugh  Dalziel. 

Vol.  I.  Pedigrees  of  1,278  of  the  best-known  Dogs, 
traced  to  their  most  remote  known  ancestors.  Show 
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DALZIEL,  "The  Diseases  of  Do^s."  Their  Pathology, 
Diagnosis  and  Treatment,  with  a  dictionary  of  Canine 
Materia-Medica.  By  Hugh  Dalziel  12mo,  paper, 
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DALZIEL.    "Diseases  of  Horses."    12mo,  cloth.  .1  00 

DALZIEL.  "Brealvina:  and  Training- Doj^s."  Being 
concise  directions  for  the  proper  education  of  dogs, 
both  for  the  field  and  for  companions.  Second  edi- 
tion, revised  and  enlarged.  Part  I,  by  Pathfinder: 
Part  II,  by  Hugh  Dalziel.     12mo,  cloth,  illus  ....  2 .  60 

DALZIEL,  "Tlio  Collie."  Its  History,  Points,  and 
Breeding.  By  Hugh  Dalziel.  Illustrated,  8vo,  paper, 
50c.,  cloth 1  00 

DALZIEL,    "Tlie  Greyhound."    8vo,  cloth,  illus..!  00 

DANCE,  "  Veterinary  Tablet."  Folded  in  cloth  case. 
The  tablet  of  A.  A.  Dance  is  a  synopsis  of  the  diseases 
of  horses,  cattle  and  dogs  with  the  causes,  symptoms 
and  cures 75 

DAKA,     "Tables  in   Comparative  Physiology."    By 

Prof.  C.  L.Dana,  M.D... 25 

DAY.  "The  Race-horse  in  Training."  By  Wm.  Day, 
8vo 3  50 

{**)DUN,     "  Yetcrinary  Medicines,  Their  Actions  and 

Uses."   By  Finlay  Dun,  V.S.    Kevised  edition  (almost 
entirely  re-written)  8vo,  cloth 3  50 

DWYEB.  ^' Seats  and  Saddles."  Bits  and  Bitting, 
Draught  and  Harness  and  the  Prevention  and  Cure  of 
Restiveness  in  Horses.  By  Francis  Dwyer.  Illus- 
trated.    1  vol.,  12rao,  cloth,  gilt 1  50 


6         Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 

FLEMING,    '  'A  Treatise  on  Practical  Horseslioeing-." 

By  George  Fleming,  M.R.C.  V.S.     Cloth 75 

OFLEMING.  "Veterinary  Obstetrics."  Including  the 
Accidents  and  Diseases  incident  to  Pregnancy,  Parturi- 
tion, and  the  early  Age  in  Domesticated  Animals. 
By  Geo  Fleming,  F.R.C.V.S.  With  212  illuslrations. 
New  edition  revised,  226  illustrations,  7o8  pages.  .6  2o 
773  pages,8vo,  cloth  (old  edition) 3  50 

FLEMING.  "Rabies  and  Hydropiiobia."  History. 
Natural  Causes,  Symptoms  and  Prevention.  By  Geo. 
Fleming,  M.  R.C.  V.S.     8vo,  cloth 3  75 

FLEMING,  "Propajjation  of  Tnbercnlosis."  Slating 
Injurious  Effects  from  the  consumption  of  the  Flesh 
and  Milk  of  Tuberculous  Animals.  By  Geo.  Fleming, 
M.D.,  M.R.C.V.S,,  and  others.     8vo,  cloth 1  5U 

FLE3IING.  "Tuberculosis."  From  a  Sanitary  and 
Pathological  Point  of  View 25 

FLEMING,    "  The  Contagions  Diseases  of  Animals" 

Their  influence  on  the  wealth  and  health  of  nations. 
12mo,  paper 25 

FLEMING,  "Operative  Veterinary  Surgery."  Part 
I,  by  Dr.  Geo.  Fleming,  M.R.C.V.S.  This  valuable 
work,  the  most  practical  treatise  yet  issued  on  the 
subject  in  the  English  language,  is  devoted  to  the 
common  operations  of  Veterinary  Surgery;  and  the 
concise  descriptions  and  directions  of  the  text  are  illus- 
trated with  numerous  wood  engravings.  8vo,cloth.2  75 

Orders  are  now  received  for  llie  »<eroiid  voliiiiief  which 
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FLE31IXG.     "Human    and    Animal     Variola)."     A 

Study  in  Comparative  Pathology.     Paper 25 

FJjEMING.  "Animal  Plagues."  Their  History, 
Nature,  and  Prevention.  By  George  Fleming,  F.K.C. 
V.S.,  etc.  First  Series.  Svo,  cloth,  $6.00;  Second 
Series.     Svo,  cloth 3  00 

FLEMING.  "Roaring:  in  Horses."  By  Dr.  George 
Fleming,  F.K  C.V.S.  A  treatise  on  this  peculiar  dis- 
order of  the  Horse,  indicating  its  method  of  treat- 
ment and  curability.    Svo,  cloth,  with  col.  plates.  1  50 

{**  FLEMING-NEU3IANN,  "Parasites  and  Para- 
sitic Diseases    of  the  Domesticated  Animals."     A 

work  which  the  students  of  human  or  veterinary  medi- 
cine, the  sanitarian,  agriculturist  or  breeder  or  rearer 
of  animals,  may  refer  for  full  information  regarding 
the  external  and  internal  Parasites— vegetable  and 
animal— which  attack  various  species  of  Domestic 
Animals.  A  Treatise  by  L>  G.  Neumann,  Professor 
at  the  National  Veterinary  School  of  Toulouse. 
Translated  and  edited  by  George  Fleming,  C,  B.,  L.L. 
D.,F.E.C.V.S.    S73  pages,  365  illustrations,  cloth. 7  50 

(**) FRIED B ERGER.  FR OIINER,  ' '  Patliolog^y 
and  Therapeutics  of   the  Domesticated  Animals." 

By  Dr.  Friedberger.  Translated  by  Prof.  W.  L.  Zuill, 
M.D.,  D.V.S.     2  vol 12  00 

CfRESS WEL L.  "The  Diseases  and  Disorders  of  the 
Ox."  By  George  Gresswell,  B.A.  With  Notes  by 
James  B.  Gresswell.     Crown,  Svo,  cloth,  illus....3  50 

GRESSWELIj,  "Diseases  and  Disorders  of  the 
Horse."  By  Albert,  James  B.,  and  George  Gresswell. 
Crown,  Svo,  illustrated,  cloth 1  75 


8  Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 

GRESS  WELL,  Manual  of  "The  Theory  and  Pnictice 
of  Equine  Medicine."  By  J.  B.  Gresswell,  F.R.C.V.S., 

and  Albert  Gresswell,   M.R.C.V.S.,   second  edition, 
enlarged,  8vo,  cloth. , 2  75 

GBES SWELL,  "  Veterinary  Pharmacology  and 
Tlierapentics."  By  James  B.  Gresswell,  F.R.C.V.S. 
16mo,  cloth 1  50 


GRESSWELL,    "Tlie  Bovine  Prescriber."     For  the 

use  of  Veterinarians  and  Veterinary  Students.  By 
James  B.  and  Albert  Gresswell,  M.E.C.V.S    Cloth. 75 

GRESSWELL.     "Tlie  Equine  Hospital  Prescriber." 

drawn  up  for  the  use  of  Veterinary  Practitioners  and 
Students.  By  Drs.  James  B.  and  Albert  Gresswell, 
M.R.C.V.S.     Cloth 75 

GRESSWELL.  "Veterinary Pliarmacopaeia,  Materia 
Medica  and  Tlierapentics."  By  George  and  Charles 
Gresswell,  witli  descriptions  and  physiological  actions 
of  medicines.  By  Albert  Gresswell.  Crown,8vo,cl.  2  75 

{**)GOTTUEIL,     "A  Manual  of  (General  Histology." 

By  Wm.  S.  Gottheil,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Pathology  in 
the  American  Veterinary  College,  New  York;  etc.,  etc. 
Histology  is  the  basis  of  the  physician's  art,  as 
Anatomy  is  the  foundation  of  the  surgeon's  science. 
Only  by  knowing  the  processes  of  life  can  we  under- 
stand the  changes  of  disease  and  the  action  of  remedies ; 
as  the  architect  must  know  his  building  materials,  so 
must  the  practitioner  of  medicine  know  the  intimate 
structure  of  the  body.  To  present  this  knowledge  in 
an  accessible  and  simple  form  has  been  the  author's 
task.    8vo.,  cloth,  148  pages,  fully  illustrated...  1  00 


851-853  Sixth  Avenue  (cor.  iSth  St.),  New  York.      9 

{*)HASSL O CII.  * '  A  Compend  of  Veterinary  Materia 
Medica  and  Therapeutics.  "  By  Dr.  A.  C.  Hassloch, 
V.S.,  Lecturer  on  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics, 
and  Professor  of  Veterinary  Dentistry  at  the  NewYork 
College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons  and  School  of  Compa- 
rative Medicine,  N.  Y,     12mo,  cloth,  pages.. 

HA  YES.    * '  Veterin  ary  Notes  for  Horse-Owners. "    An 

every  day  Horse  Book.  Illustrated.  By  M.  H.  Hayes. 
12mo,  cloth 5  00 

HAYES.  "Riding."  On  the  Flat  and  Across  Country. 
A  Guide  to  Practical  Horsemanship.  By  Captain  M. 
H.  Hayes.     Second  edition,  16mo,  cloth 4  25 

HAYES,  *  'Illustrated  Horse  Breaking . "  By  Captain 
M.  H.  Hayes.     12mo,  cloth,  illustrated 8  40 

HAYES.  "The  Horsewoman."  By  Captain  M.  H. 
Hayes  and  Mrs.  Hayes.    12mo,  cloth,  illustrated.4  25 

HEATLEY.    "The  Horse  Owner's  Safeguard."     A 

handy  Medical  Guide  for  every  Horse  Owner.  12mo, 
cloth 1  50 

HEATLEY.  "Practical  Veterinary  Remedies." 
12mo,  cloth 1  00 

{**)HEATLEY.      "The  Stock  Owner's   Guide."      A 

handy  Medical  Treatise  for  every  man  who  owns  an 
oxorcow.  By  George  S.  Heatley,  M.R.C.V.  12mo, 
cloth 1  25 

HILL.  "  The  Principles  and  Practice  of  Boyine  Med- 
icine and  Surgery."  By  J.  Woodroffe  Hill,  F.R.C.V.S. 
Cloth.     (Temporarily  out  of  print). 


10        Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 

HILL.    "  The  Management  and  Diseases  of  the  Dog" 

Containing  full  instructions  for  Breeding,  Rearing  and 
Kenneling  Dogs.  Their  Different  Diseases.  How  to 
detect  and  how  to  cure  them.  Their  Medicines,  and 
the  doses  in  which  they  can  be  safely  administered. 
By  J.  Woodroffe  Hill,  F.R.C.V.S.  12mo,  cloth,  extra 
fully  illustrated 2  00 

HINEBAUCH,     "Veterinary  Dental  Surgery."    For 

the    use    of   Students,    Practitioners  and    Stockmen. 

12mo,  cloth,  illustrated 2  00 

Sheep • 2  75 

{**)IIOARE.  "A  Manual  of  Veterinary  Therapeutics 
and  Pharmacology."  By  E.  Wallis  Hoare,  F.R.C.V.S. 
12mo.,  cloth,  560  pages 2  75 

"Deserves  a  good  place  in  the  libraries  of  all  veterina- 
rians. *  *  *  Cannot  lielp  but  be  of  the  greatest  assist- 
ance to  the  young  veterinarian  and  the  every  day  busy 
practitioner." — Amei'icaii  Veterbiary  lieview. 

{*)KOBERT.  "Practical  Toxicology  for  Physicians 
and  Stmlents."  By  Prof.  Dr.  Rudolph  Kobert, 
Director  of  the  Pharmacological  Institute,  Dorpat, 
Russia.  Translated  and  edited  by  L.  H.  Friedburg, 
Ph.D.,  of  Dept.  of  Chemistry,  College  of  City  of  New 
York,  Prof,  of  Chemistry  and  Toxicology  at  the  Ame- 
rican Veterinary  College,  New  York,  and  New  York 
Homoepathic  Medical  College  and  Hospital.  Author- 
ized edition.     {In  Press.) 

KOCH,      ".T.tiology  of  Tuberculosis."     By  Dr.   R. 

Koch.     Translated  by  T.  Saure.     8vo,  cloth 1  00 


851-853  Sixth  Avenue  {cor.  iSth  St.),  Neiv  York.     11 

KEATI\G.  "A  New  Una  bridged  Proiioiinring 
Dietionarv  of  Medicine."  By  John  M.  Keating,  M.D., 
LL.D.,  Heniy  Hamilton  and  others.  A  voluminous 
and  ex'hausiive  hand-book  of  Medical  and  scientific 
terminology  with  Phonetic  Pronunciation,  Accentu- 
ation, Etymology,  etc.  With  an  appendix  containing 
important  tables  of  Bacilli,  Microcci  Leucomaines, 
Ptomaines ;  Drugs  and  Materials  used  in  Antiseptic 
Surgery ;  Poisons  and  their  antidotes ;  Weights  and 
Measures;  Themoraeter  Scales;  New  Officinal  and 
Unofflcinal  Drugs,  etc. ,  etc.     8  vo,  818  pages 5  00 

LA3IBEBT.     "The    Germ   Theory     of    Disease." 

Bearing  upon  the  health  and  welfare  of  man  and  the 

domesticated  animals.  By  James  Lambert,  F.R.C.V.S. 

25 
8vo.  paper • 

LAW.    "  Farmers' Veterinary  Adviser."    A  Guide  to 

the  Prevention  and  Treatment  of  Di-^ease  in  Domestic 

Animals.     By  Professor  James  Law.TUustrated.    8vo, 

,   ^,  3  00 

cloth 

LIA  UTABD.  "  Animal  Castration."  A  concise  and 
practical  Treatise  on  the  Castration  of  the  Domestic 
Animals.  The  only  work  on  the  subject  in  the  English 
language.      Illustrated  with  forty-four  cuts.      12mo, 

,  J,  2  00 

cloth 

nLlALTARD,        "  Meilian      Neurotomy. "       8vo, 

^  ^       ,    .  I  1  00 

cloth -    

LIA  UTABD.     "  Vade  Me  cum  of  Equine  Anatomy." 

By  A.  Liautard,  M.D.V.S.     Dean  of  the  American  Vet- 
erinary College.     12mo.  cloth 2  GO 


12       Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 

LIAVTABD,  "Translation  of  Zundel  on  the 
Horse's  Foot."    Cloth 2  00 

LIA  UTAMD,  ''How  to  Tell  the  Age  of  the  Domestic 
Animal."  By  Dr.  A.  Liautard,  M.D.,  V.S.  Profusely 
illustrated.    12nio,  cloth 50 

LIAUTARD,    "On  the  Lameness  of  Horses."    By 

A.  Liautard,  M.D.,V.S 2  50 

{**)LIAUTARD.  "Mnniial  of  Operative  Veterinary 
Surgery."  By  A.  Liautard,  M.D.,  V.M.,  Principal 
and  Professor  of  Anatomy,  Surgery,  Sanitary  Medicine 
and  Jurisprudence  in  the  American  Veterinary  College ; 
Chevalier  du  Merite  Agricole  de  France,  Honorary 
Fellow  of  the  Royal  College  of  Veterinary  Surgeons 
(London),  etc.,  etc.  8vo,  cloth,  786  pages  and  nearly 
600  illustrations 6  00 

LONG,  "Book  of  the  Pig."  Its  selection.  Breeding, 
Feeding  and  Management.    Svo,  cloth 4  25 

{**)LUPTON,  "  Horses  :  Sound  and  Unsound,"  with 
Law  relating  to  Sales  and  Warrant}'.  By  J,  Irvine 
Lupton,  F.R.C.V.S.     Svo,  cloth,  illustrated 1  25 

LUPTON.  "  The  Horse."  As  he  Was,  as  he  Is,  and 
as  he  Ought  to  Be.  By  J.  I.  Lupton,  F.E.C.  V.S.  Illus- 
trated.    Crown,  8vo 1  40 

MAGNER,    "Facts   for   Horse    Owners."     By  D. 

Magner.  Upwards  of  1,000  pages,  illustrated  with  900 
engravings.  Svo,  cloth,  $5.00;  sheep,  $6.00;  full 
morocco 7  50 


851-853  ;S'/.r//i  Avenue  (cor.  4Sih  St.),  Neiv  York.     13 

3IAGNEB.  "Teterinar J  Diagrams."  (1)  The  Struc- 
ture of  Horses  Feet  (in  colors).  The  Structure  of 
Horses  Feet  (Effects  of  Bad  Treatment  of  the  Feet). 

Mounted  and  Varnished 2  00 

(2)  The  Shoeing  of  the  Horse.  The  Education  of  the 
Horse.     Mounted  and  Varnished 2  00 

MATMEW,     "The  Illustrated  Horse  Doctor."    An 

accurate  and  detailed  account  of  the  Various  Diseases 
to  which  the  Equine  Kace  is  subject ;  together  with  the 
latest  mode  of  Treatment,  and  all  the  Kequisite  Pre- 
scriptions written  in  plain  English.  By  E.  Edward 
Mayhew,  M.B.C.V.S.  Illustrated.  Entirely  new 
edition,  8vo,  cloth 2  75 

McBBIDE,     "Anatomical  Outlines  of  the  Horse." 

12mo,  cloth 2  50 

McCOMBIE,  "Cattle  and  Cattle  Breeders."  Cloth.  1  00 

M'FADYEAN,  "Anatomy  of  the  Horse."  A  Dis- 
section Guide.  By  J.  M.  M'Fadyean,  M.R.C.V.S. 
This  book  is  intended  for  Veterinary  students,  and 
offers  to  them  in  its  48  full-page  colored  plates  numer- 
ous other  engravings  and  excellent  text,  the  most 
valuable  and  practical  aid  in  the  study  of  Veterinary 
Anatomy,  especially  in  the  dissecting  room.  8vo, 
cloth 5  50 

M'FABYEAX,  "  Comparatiye  Anatomy  of  the 
Domesticated  Animals."  By  J.  M'Fadyean.  Pro- 
fuse)}' illustrated,  and  to  be  issued  in  two  parts.  Part 
I— Osteology,  ready.    Paper,  $2  50;  cloth 2  75 

(Part  II.  in  preparation.) 


14         Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 

MILLS.    "How  to  Keep  a  Do^  in  the  City."     By 

We>ley  Mills,  M.D  ,  V.S.  It  tells  how  to  choose 
manage,  house,  feed,  educate  the  pup,  how  to  keep  him 
clean  and  teach  him  cleanliness.     Paper 25 

{*)3IOLLEB,    "Operative  Veterinary  Surgery."     By 

Professor  Dr.  H.  Moller,  Berlin.  Translated  and 
edited  from  the  2d  edition,  enlarged  and  improved, 
by  John    A.  W.  Dollar.  M.E.C.S. 

Prof.  Holler's  work  presents  the  most  recent  and 
complete  exposition  of  the  Principles  and  Practice  of 
Veterinary  Surgery,  and  is  the  standard  text-book  on  the 
subject  throughout  Germany. 

Many  subjects  ignored  in  previous  treatises  on 
Veterinary  Surgery  here  receive  full  consideration, 
while  the  better  known  are  presented  under  new  and 
suggestive  aspects. 

As  Prof.  Moller's  work  represents  not  only  his 
own  opinions  and  practice,  but  those  of  the  best 
Veterinary  Surgeons  of  various  countries,  the  trans- 
lation cannot  fail  to  be  of  signal  service  to  American 
and  British  Veterinarians  and  to  Students  of  Veter- 
inary and  Comparative  Surgery. 

1  vol.,  8vo.   722  pages,  142  illustrations 5  25 

MOBETON,    "  On  Horse-breaking."    12 mo,  cl. .  .50 

3IOSSEL3IA.\-LIENA UX.  "Veterinary Microbio- 

logy."  By  Professors  Mosselman  and  Lienaux,  Nat- 
ional Veterinary  College,  Cureghem,  Belgium.  Trans- 
lated and  edited  by  R.  E.  Dinwiddie,  Professor  of 
Veterinary  Science,  College  of  Agriculture,  Arkansas 
State  University.    12mo,  cloth,  342  pages 2  50 


851-853  Si.i'th  Avemie  (cor.  iSth  St.),  New  York.     15 

{*)NOCAIlD,  "The  Animal  Tuberculoses,  and  llieir 
Relation  to  Human  Tuberculosis."  By  Ed.  Nocaid, 
Professor  of  the  Alfort  Veterinary  College.  Trans- 
lated by  H.  Scurfield,  M.D.  Ed.,  Ph.  Camb. 

Perhaps  the  chief  interest  to  doctors  of  human 
medicine  in  Professor  Nocard's  book  lies  in  the 
demonstration  of  the  small  part  played  by  heredity, 
and  the  great  part  played  by  contagion  in  the  propa- 
gation of  bovine  tuberculosis.  It  seems  not  unreason- 
able to  suppose  that  the  same  is  the  case  for  human 
tuberculosis,  and  that,  if  the  children  of  tuberculosis 
parents  were  protected  from  infection  by  cohabitation 
or  ingestion,  the  importance  of  heredity  as  a  cause  of 
the  disease,  or  even  of  the  predisposition  to  it,  would 
dwindle  away  into  insignificance.  12mo,  cloth.  143 
pages -1  <^'0 

PEGLEU,  "The  Book  of  the  (ioat."  12mo,  cloth. 1  75 

PELI^ERJN,  "Median  Neurotomy  in  the  Treatment 
of  Chronic  Tendinitis  and  Periostosis  of  the  Fetlock." 

By  C.  Pellerin,  late  repetitor  of  Clinic  and  Surgery  to 
the  Alfort  Veterinary  School.  Translated,  with  Addi- 
tional Facts  Relating  to  It,  by  Prof.  A.  Liautard,  M.D., 
V. M.     8vo,  boards,  illustrttted 1  00 

mo C Ton,  "  The  Management  and  Treatment  of 
the  Horse  "'  in  the  Stable,  Field  and  on  the  Eoad. 
By  William  Proctor.    8vo 2  40 

rETERS.  "A  Tuberculous  Herd-Test  with  Tuber- 
culin." By  Austin  Peters,  M.  Pt.  C.  V.  S.,  Chief 
Inspector  of  Cattle  for  the  New  York  Slate  Board  of 
Health  during  the  winter  of  1892-03.    Pamphlet. . .  .25 


16        Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 

REYNOLD,    ' 'Breeding  and  Management  of  Draught 
Horses."    8vo,  cloth 140 


ROBERTSOm    "Tlie  Practice  of  Equine  Medicine." 

A  text-book  especially  adapted  for  the  use  of  Veter- 
inary students  and  Veterinarians.  By  W.  Robertson, 
Principal  and  Professor  of  Hippopathology  in  the 
Eoyal  Veterinary  College,  London.  8vo.  cloth,  806 
pages,  revised  edition 6  25 


DBOBERGE.  ''The  Foot  of  the  Horse,"  or  Lame- 
ness and  all  Diseases  of  the  Feet  traced  to  an  Unbal- 
anced Foot  Bone,  prevented  or  cured  by  balancing  the 
foot.     By  David  Eoberge.    8vo,  cloth 5  00 


{*) SMITH,    ''k   Manual  of  Veterinary  Physiology. ' 

By  Veterinary  Captain  F.  Smith,  M.Pt.C.V.S.     Author 
of  "A  Manual  of  Veterinary  Hygiene." 

Throughout  this  manual  the  object  has  been  to  con- 
dense the  information  as  much  as  possible.  The 
broad  facts  of  the  sciences  are  stated  so  as  to  render 
them  of  use  to  the  student  and  practitioner.  In  this 
second  edition — rewritten — the  whole  of  the  Nerv'ous 
System  has  been  revised,  a  new  chapter  dealing  with 
the  Development  of  the  Ovum  has  be6n  added  together 
with  many  additional  facts  and  illustrations.  About 
one  hundred  additional  pages  are  given.  Second 
edition,  revised  and  enlarged,  with  additional  illus- 
trations   3  75 


{**)SMITHn    "Manual  of  Teterinary  Hygiene."   2nd 

ecjition,  revised,    Crown,  8vo,  cloth 3  26 


851-853  Sixth  Avenue  (cor.  4mh  St.),  Neic  Vorlc.      17 

STOJlNJyiOUTII,     "Manual  of  Scientific  Terms." 

Especially  referring  to  those  in  Botany,  Natural 
History,  Medical  and  Veterinary  Science.  By  Kev. 
James  Stornmouth • ■  — 3  00 

{**)STIIANGEWAY,    "Teterinary  Anatomy."    New 

edition,  revised  and  edited  by  I.  Vaughn,  F.L.S., 
M  R  C.V.S.,  with  several  hundred  illustrations.  Svo. 
cloth 5  00 

(*)  S  USSD  ORF.  Colored  Plates  specially  for  Lectures. 

Size  40x27.  By  Professor  Sussdorf,  M.D.  Translated 
by  Prof.  W.  Owen  Williams,  of  the  New  Veterinary 
College,  Edinburgh.  Plate  1.— Diagram  of  the  Horse 
(left  or  near  side  view).  Plate  2.— Diagram  of  the 
Mare  (right  side  view).  Showing  the  position  of  the 
viscera  in  the  large  cavities  of  the  body. 

Price,  unmounted 1  75  each 

"      mounted  on  linen,  with  roller..  .1  75  extra     " 

^'Anatomy  of  the  Cow"  (in  preparation). 

VETERINARY  DIAGRAMS   in   Tabular  Form. 
Size,  28|  in.  x  22  inches.    Price  per  set  of  five 4  75 

No.  1.  "The  External  Form  and  Elementary  Ana- 
tomy of  the  Horse."  Eight  coloured  illustrations— 
1.  External  regions ;  2.  Skeleton  :  3.  Muscles  (Superior 
Layer) ;  4.  Muscles  (Deep  Layer) ;  5.  Respiratory  Ap- 
paratus ;  G.  Digestive  Apparatus ;  7.  Circulatory  Ap- 
paratus ;  8.  Nerve  Apparatus  ;  with  letter-press  descrip- 
tion   1  25 

No.  2.  "The  Age  of  Domestic  Animals"  Forty-two 
figures  illustrating  the  structure  of  the  teeth,  indicat- 
ing the  Age  of  the  Horse,  Ox,  Sheep,  and  Dog,  with 
full  description 75 


18        Veterinary  Catalogue  of  William  R.  Jenkins 

No.  3.     "The  Unsoundness  and  Defects  of  the  Horse." 

Fifty  figures  illustrating— 1.  Tiie  Defects  of  Confor- 
mation ;  2.  Defects  of  Position  ;  3.  Infirmities  or  Signs 
of  Disease ;  4.  Unsoundnesses ;  5.  Defects  of  the  Foot ; 
witli  full  description 75 

No.  4.    "The  Shoeing"  of  the  Horse,  Mule  and  Ox." 

Fifty  figures  descrifjiive  of  the  Anatomy  and  Pliysio- 
logy  of  the  Foot  and  of  Horse-shoeing 75 

No.  5.  "The  Elementary  Anatomy,  Points,  and  But- 
cher's Joints  of  the  Ox."  Ten  coloured  illustrations 
—  1.  Slieleton ;  2.  Nervous  System:  3.  Digestive 
System  (Eight  Side) ;  4.  Respiratory  System  ;  5.  Points 
of  a  Fat  Ox  ;  6.  Muscular  System  ;  7.  Vascular  System ; 
8.  Digestive  S3^stem  (Left  Side) ;  9.  Butcher's  Sections 
of  a  Calf;  10.  Butcher's  Sections  of  an  Ox  ;  with  full 
description . .  1  25 


TFALLEY,    "Hints  on  the  Breeding-  and  Rearing  of 
Farm  Animals."    12mo,  cloth 8U 


WALLEY.  "  Fonr  Bovine  Scourges."  (Pleuro-Pneu- 
monia,  Foot  and  Mouth  Disease,  Cattle  Plague  and 
Tubercle.)  With  an  Appendix  on  the  Inspection  of 
Live  Animals  and  Meat.     Illustrated,  4to,  cloth.  .6  40 


TFALLEY,     "Tiie    Horse,    Cow    and    Dog."    By  Dr. 

Thomas  Walley.  A  poetical  account  of  the  "  Troubl- 
ous Life  of  the  Horse  "  ;  "  The  Life  of  a  Dairy  Cow," 
and  "  The  Life  of  a  Dog  "  ;  with  a?i  article  on  Animal 
Oharaoterlstlos.    12mo,  cloth 80 


851-833  SLvth  Arenue  {cor.  -iSth  St.),  Neia  York.      li) 

C)  WA  L  LEY,  '  A  Practical  Guide  to  Meat  Inspection. 

By  Thomas  Wailey,  M.R.C.V.S.,  formerly  principal 
of  the  Edinburgh  Roy.il  (Dick)  Veterinary  College; 
Professor  of  Veterinary  Medicine  and  Surgery,  etc. 
Third    Edition,    thoroughly    revised,    with    forty-five 

coloured  illustrations,  12mo,  cloth 3  00 

An  experience  of  over  30  years  in  his  profession 
and  a  long  official  connection  (some  sixteen  years) 
with  Edinburgh  Abattoirs  have  enabled  the  author  to 
gather  a  large  store  of  information  on  the  subject, 
which  he  has  embodied  in  his  book.  Dr.  Walley's  opi- 
nions are  regarded  as  the  highest  authority  on  Meat 
Inspection. 

(**)JflLLIAMS.  "Principles  and  Practice  of  Veter- 
inary Medicine."  New  author's  edition,  entirely 
revised  and  illustrated  wnth  numerous  plain  and  color- 
ed plates.     By  W.  Williams,  M.R.C.V.S.Svo.,  cl.  .6  00 

r*)^IT.LlA3IS,  "Principles  and  Practice  of  Veter- 
inary Surgery."  New  author's  edition,  entirely 
revised  and  illu'^trated  with  numerous  plain  and 
colored  plates.  By  W.  Williams,  M.R.C.V.S.  8vo. 
cloth 6  00 

Z  UNn  EL,    '  The  Horse's  Foot  and  Its  Diseases. "    By 

A.  Zundel,  Principal  Veterinarian  of  Alsace  Lorraine. 
Translated  by  Dr.  A.  Liautard,  V.S.  12mo,  cloth 
illustrated 2  00 

ZUILL,  "Typhoid  Fever;  or  Contajiious  Influenza 
in  the  Horse."  By  Prof.  W.  L.  Zuill,  M.D.,D.V.S. 
Pamphlet 25 


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UNIVERSITY  OF  CAIvIFORNIA  IvIBRARY 


